Quasar produces Hydrogen 

We now have a model for a real-world Big Bang that takes place in a real-world celestial orb that fits the data of the universe we see around us. It is as simple as this: Quasars produce Hydrogen. Hydrogen produces the Stars. Stars produce the Atoms. Atoms assemble into Molecules. The evolution of the galaxy can be followed as it unfolds step-by-step very simply by following the movement of hydrogen outward from the quasar and the “supermassive black hole” at galaxy center, then following the line of evolution of the stars and sequential formation of atoms of higher atomic weight, then following the formation and centrifugal distribution of atomic-molecular galaxy dust. The giant cosmic particle jets form the halo of hydrogen atoms that surrounds every active galaxy. The hydrogen atoms cool and coalesce like drops of gas into molecular hydrogen that form the nebulae that form the stars. The sequential generations of stars form the naturally occurring atoms in the periodic table of atoms.

November 24, 1999 Space Telescope Science Institute Press Release No. STScl-1999-46: A Puzzle of Galactic Evolution is Solved—Massive Gas Clouds Seed the Galaxy with the Stuff of Stars (Wakker and Devitt, 1999). Astronomers solved a three-decade-old mystery about the nature and role of what are know as high-velocity clouds, thereby discovering a mechanism by which the galaxy is seeded with the stuff of stars. The high-velocity clouds were described as an enigma because they behave differently than most galactic objects—coursing through space at high speeds and not rotating along with the rest of the galaxy. Taking an inventory of some of the heavy elements in these high-velocity clouds in the halo region high above the star-studded plane of the galaxy, the scientists describe this influx of metal-poor gas as a “rain of gas” down onto the plane of the galaxy, showering it with metal-poor gas that counteracts a buildup of heavy elements within the stars and gas found in the disk of the Milky Way, explaining how the galaxy can create, on average, a new star each year without running out of its supply of hydrogen after a tenth of its lifetime. The new Hubble observations were said to conform to a popular theory that there is a continual inflow of material into the galaxy to account for the continuing formation of stars. It was reported that the origin of this low-metal gas remains a mystery. 

The answer to the mystery is that the “low-metal” gas, hydrogen, comes from the nuclear center of the galaxy where it is baryonogenically created by the Big-Bang process. It seems to me that something has to be powering these high-velocity clouds that are coursing through the halo of our galaxy at speeds that prevent the clouds of gas from being captured by the galaxy’s force of gravity. I would suggest that these “high-velocity clouds” passing our range of view within the galaxy are fragments of hydrogenous material that had been jettisoned from galaxy center and cooled sufficiently during its journey to assemble and gather into atomic and molecular hydrogen. At a distance, we can see the entire jet in other galaxies coursing from galaxy center through the radial width of the orbiting stellar mass of galaxy. Close up, in the halo of our own galaxy, we are too close to see a whole jet and would only be able to see intragalactic fragments or components of this behavior, such as high-velocity clouds passing by our location within the galaxy.

8 January 1999, Canadian Galactic Plane Survey presentation at American Astronomical Society meeting in Austin, Texas: An Atomic Hydrogen Mushroom Cloud Bursts out of our Galaxy. Dr. Jayanne English et al. report that new radio images catch a mushroom-shaped gas cloud bursting over 1,000 light-years out of the disk of our Milky Way galaxy, propelled by the power of 500 suns. These observations provide the first detailed view of the gas columns which appear to link the disk with altitudes high in our galaxy's atmosphere. They will help reveal how heat, radiation, dust, and gas could all rise away from their cradles, which are in clusters of igniting and dying stars, and in doing so contribute to the formation of our galaxy's hot gas halo. Although theories exist which model the chimney-like behavior of gas column clouds, the preliminary measurements from these Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory (DRAO) images challenge these current scenarios. This cloud extends away from the disk for at least 1,100 light-years (340 pc) like mushroom-shaped smoke. The power required to expel this gas from the disk of the Milky Way to this height is at least that of the radiation from 500 suns. Additionally, the DRAO observations delineate delicate curly-ques along the surface of the cloud which suggests it is dissolving into the surrounding hot gas.  Although gas clouds such as the mushroom may not be identical to open topped "chimneys", i.e. cavities in the interstellar medium, they may still be conduits for hot gas and radiation. For example, this cloud of neutral hydrogen gas and dust appears to have a narrow, hollow stem and the preliminary analysis indicates that gas flows along this dynamic structure.  (English J. et al. 1999)

Their radio telescope image (Atomic Hydrogen Mushroom Cloud Bursts out of our Galaxy, Figure 1) shows a mushroom-shaped gas cloud bursting over 1,000 light-years out of the disk of our Milky Way galaxy. Astronomers involved in the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey acquired this highly detailed data using the radio telescope array at Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, in Penticton, British Columbia.  

Their accompanying cartoon (Figure 2) sketches a possible scenario for the formation of the atomic hydrogen mushroom-shaped cloud (Figure 1). In supershell, or superbubble, models, a cluster of exploding stars (supernovae) power an expanding, elongated bubble which has a gas shell. When this reaches an altitude in the Milky Way galaxy's atmosphere that is sufficiently rarefied, a second bubble (secondary shell) bursts from the top of first bubble (primary shell). The turbulent mixing of the shell gas with the galaxy's atmosphere enhances the mushroom-shape appearance. In this picture, the author illustrates how the primary shell could be the stem of the observed cloud and the secondary shell would be the cap.

(Art Credit: Dr. Jayanne English, Canadian Galactic Plane Survey) 

From ongoing Big-Bang perspective, the explosive process responsible for this massive production of hydrogen is similar to that seen in the radio structure of galaxy M87, except the rising cloud of hydrogen is telephoto framed at atomic hydrogen wavelengths rather than the hotter plasma stage of hydrogen formation. The “narrow hollow stem” that is powering this explosive rise of atomic hydrogen can potentially be composed of plasma and ionic forms of hydrogen that assemble into recognizable atomic form in the cooler outer layers of this dynamic structure. By systematically dissecting this structure in contiguous wavelengths, using a methodology similar to the dissection of galaxy M87 at radio wavelengths, it may be possible to trace the flow of the structure to its source and visualize its connection with galaxy's hydrogen halo Rather than being fueled and powered by 500 stars, the continuous production of this “atomic hydrogen mushroom cloud” is the result of  an ongoing Big-Bang process within a quasar at galaxy center, at a cooler peripheral visible stage of hydrogen evolution within the galaxy. 

12 January 2000 University of Colorado at Boulder Press Release: Satellite Finds Star-Forming Fuel Nearly Everywhere In Milky Way (Shull, 2000). According to a University of Colorado study, NASA’s Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer satellite (FUSE), which is able to see molecular hydrogen with a sensitivity thousands of times greater than its predecessor, indicates that molecular hydrogen, the primary ingredient for star and planet formation, is found nearly everywhere in the Milky Way Galaxy. The press release described the sequence of steps leading to star formation from cold molecular clouds of hydrogen to gravitational collapse of hydrogen atoms to star formation. They also used FUSE to detect molecular hydrogen in other galaxies, leading them to the conclusion that star formation proceeds in similar fashion in different space environments.  

These findings, as well as the presence of enormous amounts of hydrogen found in intergalactic space, can all be accounted for by an ongoing Big-Bang hydrogen-producing process within quasars at galaxy center.

Orientation in the Galaxy 

The Spectrum of Magnitudes and the Electromagnetic Spectrum are each like an accordion that can be expanded and contracted to fit the magnitude of the object under study, like the lens objectives and focus knob of a microscope. We have seen how radio waves are in effect a Cosmic Microtome that can slice a composite structure into its component wavelength regions and pieces and flows and parts by aligning the radio slices on the inside-outside axis of the 4^th spatial dimension, which is what the astronomers did when they sliced the radio structure of M87 into wavelength regions. That is an example of how energy is directly related to structure and what can be done with the spectral range of a single type of energy from the Electromagnetic Spectrum. The same accordion technique can be used for each magnitude of energy in the Electromagnetic Spectrum, so white light expands into its spectrum of colors, and X-ray energy expands into its spectrum of hard and soft wavelengths, and so on for each magnitude of energy in the Electromagnetic Spectrum. Likewise, the Spectrum of Magnitudes can cone into each Point of Magnitude of Particles and Atoms and Stars and expand these magnitudes into their respective spectrum: the Periodic Table of Atoms and the Periodic Table of Stars. Although the Spectrum of Stars doesn’t physically arrange itself for our convenience into nice little separate orbs that correspond one-for-one with the atoms they are producing, they do form a spectrum that has mathematical periodicity when they are aligned according to the lines of fusion that transform atoms of smaller mass into atoms of larger mass, which correspond to layers of magnitude within the star. Quid pro quo, mass is directly related to structure. Quid pro quo, energy is directly related to mass. Quid pro quo, energy is directly related to structure. In the radio structure of galaxy M87, when we know how each Line of Energy Magnitude (radio wavelength) corresponds to each Point of Mass Magnitude (point of mass generating the radio energy) in each 3-dimensional Plane of Magnitude (radio wavelength) that forms the 4-dimensional composite structure (Horizontal inside-outside axis of 4^th spatial dimension rotated 90º to End-On Point), we will have seen it all: the stereotactical relationship of Points of Mass to Lines of Energy corresponding to Structures in Space. Rutherford and Bohr showed us this in their step-wise realization of the structure of the atom. When an electron gains or loses mass and shifts and moves its orbit from one shell layer to another around the nucleus that is holding it in orbital place (Mass/Energy conversion), a spectral line of energy is released that tells us exactly what has happened to what and when and where, from which we know the unique spectral signature of each atom in the universe. So as Energy corresponds to Particles and Particles correspond to Mass, the Electromagnetic Spectrum corresponds to the Spectrum of Magnitudes. 

Next we will look at a 4^th spatial dimensional component view of another galaxy, Centaurus A, wherein there may be another surprise. This time the galaxy is sliced by the Cosmic Microtome into thick slabs of structure by different types of energy in the Electromagnetic Spectrum—X-ray, Optical, Infrared, Radio—rather than spread out in contiguous slices of the same energy that reveals the precise serial-section spatial relationships between its planes and parts, as in the radio structure of galaxy M87. We shall see how the thick slices of Centaurus A can be somewhat disorienting because, unlike the radio structure of M87, the cause-effect interrelationship between the slices of structure are not clear. As different types of energy are used to examine this galaxy, the slices are not contiguous and leave large gaps in the sequential process of galaxy formation and evolution open to assumptions that may not necessarily be true.

This distinction, contiguous sectioning versus non-contiguous sectioning, is extremely important. Contiguous sectioning of a celestial object, whether it be a galaxy or star or gaseous nebula, unfolds the entire structure of an object because we can see the structural integrity of the composite whole and the interrelationships between each of its structural parts layer-by-layer. This enables us to be continuously oriented within and between each 3-dimensional layer on the inside-outside axis of the composite structure of the whole, even when the “whole” is the radio structure of an invisible gas, as was demonstrated so beautifully by the radio astronomers in their dissection and serial sectioning and reconstruction of the radio structure of galaxy M87.

Recall for a moment our adventure with the surgeon in the operating room, slicing through layers of visible and invisible 3-dimensional planes of structural magnitude inside a composite organ—all in one slice. We could travel to the farthest reaches of the universe at each level of magnitude and all we would ever see is a 3-dimensional universe composed of the same magnitude. These radio astronomers would readily understand the dimensionality I was describing because they very well know they can do the same thing at each radio wavelength: travel to the farthest reaches of the universe at each radio wavelength and all they will ever see is a 3-dimensional universe made of that wavelength of radio structural magnitude. And they also know that they would very quickly become very disoriented, because when we are confined within a 3-dimensional plane of magnitude that is a component part of a larger composite whole, we have to be able to see how that 3-dimensional component part is spatially related within the composite whole in order to remain oriented. And, as we will see at the end of this treatise, this phenomenon of spatial orientation/disorientation applies not only to the Macrocosmic perspective but to the Microcosmic perspective as well. We have to see the parts in relationship to the whole or what we see doesn’t make any sense at all. Although every composite structure consists of 4 spatial dimensions, the composite whole has been perceived by all of humanity as only 3-dimensional because 3 dimensions is all the eye ever sees, because vision itself is a 3-dimensional system. Consequently, it is only by reassembling the 3-dimensional magnitudes of the layers and parts of the universe together that we can accurately see the composite structure of the whole.

In order to reveal to the world the composite and component radio structure of galaxy M87, we can imagine how many radio images those astronomers must have examined and what they must have gone through to reassemble the radio structure of galaxy M87 into a comprehensible picture. It is like trying to piece together a puzzle of a cloud. As their eyes poured over the reams of radio images, one can imagine trying to assemble each whiff of zig with each whirl of zag not only within each 3-dimensional wavelength plane but also on the inside-outside axis between the planes of wavelength magnitude, which is the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension. Before we look at the non-contiguous slices of Centaurus A in the pages ahead, we need to recognize that there is an inside-outside alignment of these magnitudes on the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension. Otherwise, we won’t be able to distinguish whether the center of that galaxy is gravitationally collapsing out of visible physical existence into a black hole or is exploding into visible physical existence at galaxy center. And we must make this determination in order to know whether the appearance of Centaurus A is the result of two galaxies crashing together, as it is said to be, or is a single galaxy that is actively growing from inside outward and demonstrating a unique stage in the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution, the elliptical to spiral galaxy transformation. 

With our imagination, as if we are trying to assemble the 4-dimensional puzzle together for ourselves, let’s conceptually simulate what it may have been like for those radio astronomers to assemble their reams of telescopic radio images into the clearly depicted radio structure of galaxy M87.

Imagine that you have a puzzle picture of the inside of a cloud, a picture of nothing but mists of glimmers and swirls like the composite radio structure of M87. And imagine that the puzzle pieces are all cut in squares the same size with no zigzags on the edges of the pieces to guide you. After you put the puzzle together, you see that you are looking at a 3-dimensional layer of fog. Now you are brought a dozen puzzle pictures of the same cloud that are each taken at different magnifications, and you have to assemble each of those layers together. Now you have twelve separate 3-dimensional layers of fog at different magnitudes pieced together separately on the table in front of you. Now you have to stack the 12 puzzles on top of each other in proper order and precisely arrange and align the pictures on the vertical axis to accurately fit the magnified images together on the inside-outside axis of depth, which is the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension. Now there are twelve 3-dimensional layers of fog aligned according to magnitude on a vertical axis above the table. You were able to piece this puzzle together because you knew that the pictures were serial sections of the same structure. And you knew the order and sequence of the pictures and how they related to each other because you knew the wavelength grouping for each layer of pieces. And you knew the pictures were precisely contiguously related on the inside-outside axis of their composite structural depth.

Using contiguous serial slices of one type of energy from the Electromagnetic Spectrum, the radio structure of galaxy M87 was assembled so that we could see the relationship of its regions and flows and parts—and their direction of flow—the cause and result of the entire structural formation. And there is no question about it: rather than collapsing from outside inward, the radio structure of galaxy M87 exploded and expanded into visible physical existence from inside outward!

And this is what it all comes down to: Is the mass of the galaxy exploding into atomic existence at the center of the galaxy or is it gravitationally collapsing out of atomic existence through a black hole gravity drain in the center of the galaxy? In January 1999, when the radio structure of galaxy M87 was clearly demonstrated to be the result of explosion and expansion from inside outward, many still believed that the strong X-ray emission around M87, the same X-ray background emission that is seen in many galaxy clusters, was caused by the surrounding gas in the Virgo Cluster cooling and falling inward onto the galaxy. As we will see from the evidence cited in the next two press releases, that just isn’t so.

Galaxy Collision or Galaxy Metamorphosis? 

In contrast to the radio structure of galaxy M87 and its contiguous serial slices of one energy type, the multi-wavelength images of Centaurus A are not contiguous. They are separate slices of the galaxy using different types of energy such that the sequential cause and effect relationship between them is not known. 

October 25, 1999 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Chandra X-ray Observatory Press Release 99-05: Extended X-ray Jet In Nearby Galaxy Reveals Energy Source (Schreier E. of STScI, NASA/CXC/SAO, 1999). This release reported that Chandra X-ray Observatory made an extraordinary image of Centaurus A that shows X-ray jets erupting from the center of the galaxy over a distance of 25,000 light years (X-ray image at left). The entire length of the X-ray jet is comparable to the diameter of the Milky Way Galaxy. The X-ray emission was said to be produced by extremely high energy electrons spiraling around a magnetic field. A new population of X-ray sources was seen in the center of the galaxy that are grouped in a sphere around the nucleus, which the report stated, “must be telling us something very fundamental about how the galaxy, and the supermassive black hole in the center, were formed.”  

Multi-wavelength images of the galaxy accompanying the report included X-ray, Optical, Infrared and Radio telescope images. Centaurus A is a large elliptical shaped galaxy belonging to a class of galaxies called active galaxies (AGN) noted for their explosive activity, which the report states is presumed to be due to a supermassive black hole in their center. Radio and X-ray images show a jet of high energy particles blasting out from the center. The total length of the radio jet here (Radio image upper right) is about 30,000 light-years in length. The infrared image shows the brilliance of the central source. The optical image shows that Centaurus A is an elliptical galaxy with huge dust lanes across the middle of the galaxy. This has led astronomers to speculate that Centaurus A was the site of a merger between a small spiral galaxy and a large elliptical galaxy several hundred million years ago. This collision is believed to have triggered a burst of star formation and supplied gas to fuel the activity of the central black hole, and the report said that the X-ray jets and the cluster of sources may be a byproduct of a “titanic collision” between galaxies.

The X-ray/Optical composite picture shows the Chandra X-ray image overlaid on the optical image of galaxy. The energetic central region, or nucleus, is obscured by the dust lanes in the optical image, but shines clearly in X-rays, as do the dramatic jet structures extending in either direction from the nucleus well beyond the edges of the galaxy. The Chandra X-ray image made with the High Resolution Camera shows a bright source in the nucleus of the galaxy at the location of the suspected supermassive black hole. The bright jet extending from the nucleus to the upper left is due to explosive activity “around the black hole” which ejects matter at high speeds from the vicinity of the black hole. The report concluded by saying, “One of the most intriguing features of supermassive black holes is that they do not suck up all matter that falls within their sphere of influence. Some of the matter falls inexorably toward the black hole, and some explodes away from the black hole in high energy jets that move at near the speed of light.” Exactly how this happens was said to be a major puzzle. 

The answer is it doesn’t happen that way. The reason this has been such a major puzzle is because everybody is looking at a 4-dimensional object with a 3-dimensional mindset, trying to make a river flow in opposite directions at the same time on a single sheet of existence. Everything we see, everything that is visible, is exploding in an outward direction from that brilliant orb in the center of the galaxy. We do not see anything from the visible galaxy moving inward or entering into any “black hole.” The only reason that brilliant orb is called a black hole is because it has a gravitational density that has been measured to be about 10 million times the mass of the sun, and the only object that science knows of that can form a gravitational mass of that magnitude and density is a dying star. Therefore, the brilliant orb has been called a supermassive black hole.

The only way to understand what is going on in the center of that galaxy is to visualize what is happening in the 4^th spatial dimension, because the gravity implosion process that formed the “black hole” and explosion process that is coming out of that brilliant orb are both happening on the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension. There are only two possible ways that this supermassive “black hole” can be in gravitational and explosive equilibrium the way it is: 1) either the black hole resulting from in-falling matter had existed prior to the supermassive density reaching the threshold of explosion that stabilized the supermassive brilliant orb in its present state of equilibrium, or 2) there is an ongoing in-flow in the 4^th spatial dimension that is in-feeding fuel through a black hole on the “other side” of the explosion threshold inside this gravitational density that is exploding out of the density through the visible white-hole side that we see as a brilliant orb. The first alternative is the same as the sequential process that forms a star, gravitational collapse of a hydrogenous nebula followed by thermonuclear explosion resulting in the enduring equilibrium of a star. The second alternative would be an entirely new physics, a whole new dimension of physics occurring between two universes separated from each other by a threshold point of explosion between a real-world physical black hole on one side and a real-world physical white hole on the other side in the 4^th spatial dimension. This tunnel-form alternative consists of a Black Hole of in-falling mass ending at a point of particle-fusion ignition in a “wormhole” tunnel that is exploding out the other side as a White Hole: a 4^th spatial dimensional fuel line in-feeding a point of combustion that is continuously fueled and erupting into particulate energy on the visible physical universe side of the tunnel. The only difference between those two alternatives is temporal, that is whether the gravitational in-falling of mass and explosive out-pouring of mass and energy are occurring sequentially in time or simultaneously.

But WoW!

What a difference!

That second alternative would be a River of Mass in the 4^th Spatial Dimension that is flowing from a Universe of Energy and Particles into the Black Hole entrance of a Tunnel in the 4^th dimension and onward to a Big-Bang threshold point that is exploding energy and mass out of a White Hole Orb into the visible Physical Universe. No less than a Cosmic Roaring River, because what we see coming out of the sluice is a Cosmic Plasma Jet 25,000 light-years long!

In order to see what is happening at the center of Centaurus A, one must be able to visualize in the 4^th spatial dimension. There are only two ways I know of to see the 4^th spatial dimension, through the Eyes of Time and through the Eyes of Space, and both means are needed in order to see both Process (Time) and Structure (Space). The Eyes of Time show the sequential growth and evolution of the galaxy frame-by-frame over time, unveiling the direction of motion. The Eyes of Space show both the composite and component 4-dimensional structure of the galaxy, in which flow can be seen as a structure in the 4^th spatial dimension.   

Now here’s the surprise. At least it was to me. Look at the symmetry of that galaxy. The spherical shape of Centaurus A appears perfectly symmetrical! Yet that galaxy is said to be the result of a “titanic collision” between a spiral galaxy and an elliptical galaxy. What are the odds that two galaxies that are shaped like a disk and a ball could crash together in space such that the disk ends up perfectly centered in the middle of the ball and neither the disk nor ball loses its original symmetrical structural shape and form? First of all, it has to be a perfect head-on collision or it wouldn’t be perfectly symmetrical; it would be lopsided. Secondly, the edge of the spiral disk has to hit the ball exactly in the middle, like a Frisbee into a closed hand; otherwise it couldn’t slice its way inside and come to rest in the exact center of the ball. Third, what on Earth are these galaxies made of anyway? (Hundreds-of-millions-of-stars) times 2 (X 2) bashing smash-crash through-and-through inside each other, and each galaxy can still maintain its respective spiral and elliptical shape the way it was before the collision? Including the flimsy dust lane? The only way it would be physically possible for collision to account for this morphology is if the elliptical galaxy is softer than the slow spinning dust-lane edge of the spiral, so that the spiral galaxy can slice its way through the center of the elliptical galaxy and park itself precisely in the middle undisturbed. Like a slow moving buzz saw cutting into a ball of cheese?

That one’s definitely worth a wager of another cup of flavor, if you ask me.

The answer is that didn’t happen. And it doesn’t have to happen. And I doubt that it ever would have happened if everybody already knew that galaxies materialize and grow from inside outward. Because the only reason for postulating that two galaxies crashed symmetrically together like that in the first place is because science knows there has to be a source of mass and fuel to account for the supermassive black hole and the explosive power of those incredible trans-galactic jets and the visible surge of star birth activity. And the mass and fuel has to come from someplace. But how do you assemble a puzzle into a picture that makes sense when you’re missing half the pieces? The only piece of structure in sight at the center of the galaxy that can account for the explosive power of that trans-galactic jet is the “supermassive black hole” (brilliant orb at center). However, the “supermassive black hole” powering that cosmic plasma jet had to be fed a lot of star stuff to become as supermassive and powerful as it is, because the only magnitudes of mass in existence that can account for that supermassive density are the types of matter in the surrounding galaxy, because the sum total of all the mass and energy in the universe was formed fait accompli 10-20 billion years ago by the single Big Bang. And if there isn’t enough star-stuff fuel in the galaxy to account for the “supermassive black hole” density and the massive trans-galactic jets and new hydrogenous fuel for vigorous star birth, a source has to be found within the visible physical universe in order for the pieces of the original Big Bang puzzle to fit together. According to the original theory, since the galaxies are believed to have collapsed together into their present form, and as nearly all the mass and energy in the universe appears to be contained within the galaxies at this time, the only available source of mass for the formation of supermassive black holes is the preformed mass contained within galaxies. So the solution to the puzzle is to have two galaxies collide together to provide star-stuff mass to feed the “supermassive black hole” so it can release enough “gravitational energy” to generate the explosive power of the cosmic plasma jets plus provide a “new” source of hydrogen for active star birth.

Either/Or: Is the mass of the visible galaxy collapsing and disappearing out of sight into a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy—OR—is the mass of the visible galaxy being materialized and exploding into visible physical existence from an ongoing Big-Bang process within the brilliant supermassive black hole density at galaxy center? Science has made the answer telescopically visible but just hasn’t put the puzzling pieces of visible data accurately together yet.

From a Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion frame-of-reference, I think the first part of that question can be clearly answered from the data we see. Everything is visibly exploding out of a brilliant supermassive orb at the center of the galaxy—Optical Jets, Radio Jets, X-ray Jets—and there is nothing that science has made visible that can be seen disappearing into a “hole” at the center.

At least that is what our eyes show us: a burning—ORB—exploding outward!

From ongoing Big-Bang perspective, let’s look in theoretical terms at the sequence of evolutionary events that would result in the symmetrical morphology of Centaurus A when the supermassive brilliant orb in the center of the galaxy is considered to be a quasar housing an ongoing Big-Bang process that is massively producing—Hydrogen! X-ray and Radio jets of hydrogen ions and electrons, subatomic products of Big-Bang baryonogenesis, are exploding out of the quasar into the galaxy region and seeding the region with newly formed hydrogen that forms the stars. Metal-poor Population II stars inhabit the elliptical sphere which was the galaxy’s first stage of growth and evolution that resulted from these jets. A mixture of newer and older generations of stars (Population I and Population II stars) inhabit the circumnuclear bulge in the center of the galaxy (bright central region in infrared image) because the active nuclear center (AGN) is the site of stellar atomic fusion and formation of optically visible, metal-rich interstellar dust. As this is an ongoing process, massive amounts of optically visible dust has been formed over cosmological time, and the centrifugal spin of the galaxy causes the heavier magnitudes of visible dust to spread outward in a plane perpendicular to the axis of galaxy rotation by the simple physics of centrifugal force (large dust lane in optical image). As stars are always formed from their local interstellar milieu, and as the galaxy plane is laden with metal-rich interstellar dust, metal-rich Population I stars are formed and occupy the disk of the galaxy (circumnuclear ring visible in infrared image). Centaurus A is in an intense phase of elliptical to spiral transition. Rather than being a “titanic collision” between two separate galaxies that crashed together, this transition from elliptical to spiral form is an internal process, i.e. intragalactic orbital “collision” is an internal process happening between the older halo and newer equatorial plane regions of the galaxy as it grows from inside outward. As the sequence of atomic evolution reaches the stage of optically visible atomic-molecular dust formation, the centrifugal force of the galaxy’s spin forms an enlarging dust-laden equatorial plane that gradually bisects the elliptical galaxy from inside outward. At this transitional stage of the galaxy’s evolution, there are two dissymmetric regions of orbital behavior within the galaxy: the spiraling plane of massive dust that forms the Population I stars in the galaxy’s disk (spiral galaxy region) and the characteristic “bee-hive” orbital pattern of the galaxy’s Population II clusters of stars in the halo (elliptical galaxy region). As the halo orbits through the dust-laden plane, and as supernova explosions distribute their atomic fusion contents into the interstellar milieu, and as the stars recycle generation by generation, the mass of the stars in the elliptical halo are gradually incorporated into the spiral plane. Centaurus A is showing us an intense phase of this elliptical to spiral transformation. As will be demonstrated in this treatise, the images above give us a single freeze-frame glimpse of the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution.  

This is a Cosmic Paradigm Shift! This massive outward movement of particle mass from galaxy center, rather than inward collapse of mass toward galaxy center, is why the radio astronomers said the entire physics of that region needs to be reworked, because the entire radio structure that surrounds galaxy M87 had exploded out of the “supermassive black hole” at galaxy center rather than that region collapsing into it. Now even the intergalactic hard X-rays, which formed the backbone of mass that was believed to be collapsing onto the galaxy, are seen exploding out of the galaxy’s supermassive black-hole center. These facts are exploding out of the black hole right in front of our eyes! Only the interpretation is refusing to change, because of the rigid constraints of the original Big Bang. In order to see what our eyes verily do in fact see, this crust of blindly accepted assumption has to be rubbed from our eyes!

Either/Or: Did all the galaxies ripple apart en masse into individual form by the gravitational collapse of a cosmic soup of products that had all been created in 60 seconds during the blast of a single Big Bang that occurred one time in Cosmos history 10-20 billion years ago—OR—did all the galaxies materialize and grow from inside outward from the products of an Ongoing Big-Bang process that is taking place inside the supermassive celestial orb that we see in the center of every active galaxy and quasar.

Whatever the answer actually is, it must be evident in the physical data. If there is in fact an ongoing Big-Bang at the center of each quasar and active galaxy, this should be evident everywhere throughout the universe, no matter how close or far away we look. So, let’s look at 70 million quasars and galaxies.

Big-Bangs in 70 Million Quasars and AGNs 

January 13, 2000, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Chandra X-ray Observatory Press Release 00-01: Chandra Resolves Cosmic X-ray Glow and Finds Mysterious New Sources (Mushotzky et al., 2000). Chandra X-ray Observatory Center reported that while taking a giant leap towards solving one of the greatest mysteries of X-ray astronomy, NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory also may have revealed the most distant objects ever seen in the Universe and discovered two puzzling new types of cosmic objects. Scientists have known about the X-ray glow, called the X-ray background, since the dawn of X-ray astronomy in the early 1960s. The German-led ROSAT mission, now completed, resolved much of the lower-energy X-ray background, showing that it arose in very faraway galaxies with extremely bright cores, called quasars or Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). The Chandra team sampled a region of the sky and resolved about 80 percent of the more-energetic X-ray background into discrete sources. Stretched across the entire sky, this would account for approximately 70 million sources, most of which would be identified with galaxies. Their analysis confirms that a significant fraction of the X-ray background cannot be due to diffuse radiation from hot, intergalactic gas. Combined X-ray and optical observations showed that nearly one third of the sources are galaxies whose cores are very bright in X-rays yet emit virtually no optical light from the core. These “veiled galactic nuclei” galaxies may number in the tens of millions over the whole sky. They almost certainly harbor a massive black hole at their core “that produces X rays as the gas is pulled toward it at nearly the speed of light.” Their bright X-ray cores place these galaxies in the AGN family. Because these numerous AGN are bright in X-rays but optically dim, this implies that the optical surveys of AGNs are very incomplete. A second new class of objects, comprising approximately one-third of the background, is assumed to be “ultra-faint galaxies,” sources that may emit little or no optical light, either because the dust around the galaxy blocks the light totally or because the optical light is eventually absorbed by relatively cool gas during its long journey across the Universe.

The Chandra X-ray image at right shows about 3 dozen X-ray sources. Some of the sources were too faint to be seen by optical telescopes such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the Keck 10 meter telescope in Hawaii. The caption states that this new class of sources may represent some of the most distant objects ever detected, and that the invisible swath of X-ray radiation that baths the Universe arises in large part from X-ray-bright, optically faint galaxies at extremely far distances. 

In this Chandra X-ray image, we are looking at a different Octave of Reality! At night, we can look up at the sky and see the Stars. Through the Hubble Telescope, we can look into deep space and see the Galaxies. Through Chandra’s X-ray vision, we can look into the deepest domains of space and all we see are nuclear centers of AGNs and Quasars. What we have seen nearby blazing more brightly than a million suns, we are seeing far away as tiny points of light. These “veiled galactic nuclei” show that the explosive process from supermassive black holes is going on in the center of galaxies everywhere in the universe, no matter how far we look.

Do you think Science will find the end of the world where everything comes to a Point of Singularity? Where all of space falls into a single point and disappears? I think science is once again trying to find where the oceans fall off the edge of a flat Earth. But they’ll never find the edge no matter how far they look, because in the 4^th spatial dimension surrounding Planet Earth the Cosmos is Round! So if the Cosmosphere surrounding us is round and each 3-dimensional magnitude of space within this 4-dimensional sphere extends endlessly no matter what direction we go, what do we do?

The solution to this confusion is: Turn 90º and—Go through the Door!

And the Door is the Supermassive Black Hole.

And the Supermassive Black Hole is each of these Points of Light!

As I look at this Chandra X-ray telescope image, what I see is the spatial ground within which the galaxies are materializing and growing in an outward direction. Each of those pinpoints is the site of an ongoing Big-Bang, the site and source of galaxy evolution. I think you too can see this, Dr. Hawking, when you look at this spatial field of Cosmos through the eyes of 4-spatial dimensions. With this image, we can put the entire Cosmos in the palm of your hand, just as clearly and just as accurately as Copernicus and Galileo and the scientists and visionaries of old put the sphere of the Earth in the palm of their hands and pondered our species into the exploration of the open seas that brought us into a new and greater firmament of reality.

If you will refresh your mind by returning to the front-page diagram of this treatise, Sphere of Cosmos in the 4^th Spatial Dimension, we can transform this Chandra image of a sector of 3-dimensional surface into the Sphere of Cosmos that this is an actual X-ray photograph of. To see this of course, like the visionaries of old, we will have to use the power of our Consciousness Vision. First, using your mind’s eye, convert the front-page diagram into a sphere of black space and put it in the palm of your hand so you can look at the whole of it as a Cosmosphere. Now put Chandra’s distribution of pinpoints of light all over the thin 3-dimensional Surface of this Sphere of Space. Now apply your imagination until you can you see the Light coming out of the pinholes. You now have a 4-dimensional Sphere of Universe in your hand in which the sites of ongoing Big-Bang process are definable on coordinates with pinpoint precision in a 4 dimensional map that corresponds exactly to the surrounding visible physical universe.

What we have done is taken this flat 3-dimensional x-ray photograph and extrapolated it into a 3-dimensional shell-layer surrounding Planet Earth. Then, using the power of our minds, we translocate our Locus of Vision from the surface of Planet Earth to outside the Chandra shell-layer, so we can hold the surrounding Cosmosphere in our hand and see it as a Whole. Now we are in a position to look at the Cosmosphere surrounding Earth in an entirely new way. Relative to the cross-section of the Sphere of Cosmos on the front-page diagram of the treatise, each of these pinholes of Chandra Light on the Surface of Sphere is the Big-Bang, the site of ongoing nucleosynthesis of hydrogen. The surface of the Sphere of Space you are holding in your hand is the origin of the Atomic Line, a shell layer of gravitational Black Hole Implosion and Thermo-Particle Explosion within Quasars separating two coextensive Universes, separating the atomic-stellar-galaxy Post-Bang Universe from the Pre-Bang Universe of energy and particles that gravitationally formed the supermassive density of each Quasar. Each pinpoint of Chandra X-ray Light in this photograph is the apex point of the Cone of Galaxy Evolution on the front page of this treatise. This Sphere of X-ray pinpoints is the actual spatial distribution of ongoing Big-Bangs in the circumferential space surrounding Planet Earth. Viewed from Earth, it appears like a 3-dimensional circumferential shell-layer. In 4-spatial dimensions, this 3-dimensional shell-layer corresponds to the Sphere of Cosmos in your hand. In 3-spatial dimensions, however, this pinpoint distribution of photographed Big-Bangs is an actual representative sample of Big-Bang distribution that extends throughout the entire Cosmosphere surrounding Planet Earth.

That is how I see it. From Earth we look outward on the axis of the 4^th dimension at 3-dimensional shell layers of magnitude that compositely form a 4-dimensional Cosmosphere surrounding our Locus of Vision. With this Cosmosphere in the palm of your hand, we can look at and explore the Universe and Cosmos as it has never been seen before, in both 3- and 4-spatial dimensions.

Exploring the Cone of Galaxy Evolution 

In order to see the interrelationship between the Parts, it helps to see the Whole. To see the whole Cosmosphere, however, including the Pre-Bang as well as Post-Bang Universe, one must be able to see in both 3- and 4-spatial dimensions. The Chandra X-ray photograph is a physical vision experience. The extrapolated Chandra X-ray Sphere of Cosmos in hand is a consciousness vision experience. With Cosmosphere in hand for orientation in surrounding space, where the Radius of Cosmosphere is the radial distance in light-years from Planet Earth, we can virtually examine the surrounding Cosmosphere as a Whole and individual galaxy evolution in relationship to the surrounding Large Scale Structure of the Universe. Even though we have the scientific power to extrapolate the Chandra X-ray photograph above into a corresponding Cosmosphere you can hold in your hand, however, we are still only at the 3-dimensional surface of a shell layer of universe. In order to see the world around us in both 3- and 4-spatial dimensions, we need to expand the power of our consciousness to see and comprehend the nature of the 4^th spatial dimension of depth. In order to breakthrough the mind barrier that is preventing human sight from seeing this 4^th spatial dimension of depth within the universe, I am going to embark upon a virtual reality journey that is going to—blow—your—mind—into a larger state of space. 

As we have adventured this far into a state of Microcosmic perspective, using the consciousness vision of our mind’s eye the way we are, it is possible for us to focus with multi-wavelength vision anywhere we want in the Cosmosphere. So we can bring our mind’s eye closer to those Chandra X-ray Points of Light on the surface of the Sphere of Space in your hand, and can even zoom down to one of those pinholes of light to see what is going on and what is ongoing in the depth of space. And as we zoom inward on the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension of depth, we lose sight of the whole of the Sphere of Cosmos because the Sphere isn’t in your hand anymore. You are in it! Traveling through Space! But if we try, we can still remember the Sphere of Cosmos and remain aware of its coordinates and dimensions as we zoom inward, so we can still be oriented within the Sphere of Cosmos rather than being lost in boundless black space.

The Chandra X-ray Point of Light we had been traveling toward was now a clearly visible Orb burning brightly alone in vast black space, which meant that it was a young Quasar because there wasn’t any sign of stars or star birth formation around it yet. The Quasar was brilliant at X-ray wavelengths which were radiating outward in all directions, which meant that it was at a stage of active energy production inside its core, because energy radiates outward in all directions from its point-like sphere of origin where it is produced. X-ray and Radio jets were also visibly exploding out of the opposite poles of the Quasar along its axis of spin at superluminal speeds up to 6c, 6 times faster than the speed of light, at the same superluminal speeds that science has been measuring and explaining away for years because it has been invariably decided that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light. The jets were exploding outward thousands of light-years into space, which meant that the Quasar was actively producing energy-emitting particles of mass that had charge polarity, because the explosive jets were being channeled by the synchrotron effects of the circumnuclear torus of surrounding matter that encompassed the equatorial plane of the Quasar. Then behind us we heard a huge explosion and immediately turned around to look. And before our eyes in the black of space we saw evidence of an enormous explosion, like a cosmic gamma ray burst, blasting out of the heart of a brand new baby quasar that was just being born into the visible physical universe from the dark-matter side of the quasar’s supermassive black-hole womb. And exploding out on the breath of the quasar’s first-born cry was a radial rainbow of electromagnetic wavelengths of cosmic energy with the high-energy gamma rays racing on ahead at superluminal speed outward in all directions and optical white light chasing after it just as fast as it could go. And as this Rainbow of Gamma, X-ray, Ultraviolet, Optical, Infrared, Microwave, Radio Waves expanded outward at differential speeds into a widening spherical spectrum rippling through the Cosmos, last but far from least came the Radio Cloud of warm particles, spreading into a sphere of particle blanket to make a bassinette in Space that would be the quasar’s nest for the rest of its life. And as that radio cloud spread out to the limits of its destined space, all the newly formed hot particles were emitting their excitement synchronously, which showed their collective shape, size, structure, movement and magnitude in a symphony of radio waves that was broadcasting the nature and news of these events all over the Universe. A new radio quasar was being born and taking its place within the space of the Post-Bang Universe! Then, after the initial Cosmic Gamma Ray Burst like birth of the Quasar, the newborn quasar settled down from the abrupt Big Bang and, wrapped in its initial warm radio-cloud blanket of particles produced by the radial blast, began its steady life of on-going X-ray and Radio and Optical energy emission. Immediately, the particles of mass being produced by the ongoing Big-Bang process of baryonogenesis began to be captured from their outward radial direction by the supermassive gravitational force of the quasar, which through the natural laws of physics were now visibly gathering into a plasma disk of particulate matter whirling around the equatorial plane of the quasar. Perpendicular to this growing torus, beams of charged particles were being channeled by its magnetic force into jets that were growing in size in proportion to the growing mass of the whirling torus that was constantly being fed by the ongoing Big-Bang process inside the supermassive gravitational density of the brightly burning quasar. Now, within the pre-atomic nebula of dark matter from which the supermassive “black hole” density of the quasar was gravitationally formed, the newborn Quasar was now burning more brightly than any other object in the Universe, due to the fully visible ongoing Big-Bang process deep within its supermassive gravitational depth.  

That is the theoretical picture, but our explorations in theory must be supported by physical evidence every step of the way. According to this theory, the Chandra image is an X-ray photograph of the Big-Bang apex in the Cone of Galaxy Evolution. The HST images of nearby Galaxy M87 show the results of this Big-Bang process at a much later stage, the elliptical stage of galaxy evolution. To proceed stepwise through the Cone of Galaxy Evolution from the apex point of Big-Bang origin to each sequential step of galaxy evolution, we will now focus on images from radio- and optical astronomy that provide a physical picture of the process. 

National Radio Astronomy Observatory’s VLA image shows the radio structure of Quasar 3C175 including its compact core and radio jet and radio lobes (5 September 2001 Astronomy Picture of the Day: 3C175 Quasar Cannon; Credits: Alan Bridle). 

As the energy from the quasar’s ongoing Big-Bang radiates outward and the particles produced by the Big-Bang process are captured and channeled on the quasar’s axis of spin as synchrotron Radio Jets, the radio region around the quasar grows steadily throughout the quasar’s early evolution until it becomes recognizable to the eyes of science as an optical dark radio galaxy. As we watch the young quasar’s constant Radio-Jet behavior, with Cosmic Plasma Jets exploding outwardly in two directions on its axis of spin, flowing and flooding their contents into surrounding space, we can clearly see how radio galaxies are formed and exactly what the relationship is between the radio-loud quasar and the radio galaxy that results from this process.

After the quasar reached the initial Big-Bang threshold of particle fusion and explosion that hallmarks the birth of visible quasar existence, we realize that this was just the beginning of an enormous ongoing process, because all during the pre-optical phase of the newborn galaxy’s formation, the quasar’s radio jets are constantly pumping the Big-Bang products of baryonogenesis into surrounding space.

As we focus on the bright compact core of the Quasar at radio wavelengths, we see the radio jets pumping massive volumes of newly formed proton-electron plasma into distant space, where the particle plasma spreads into an enormous two-lobed radio structure that spans far beyond the diameter of the future optical galaxy that will result from this hydrogen-seeding process. As we focus on the radio lobes in the black of space on either side of the quasar, we see that the lobes contain tremendous currents of hot particles that are emitting the radio energy that maps their movement and flow as the particle plasma spreads and expands into enormous radio clouds of hot hydrogen ions and electrons. As we focus on the edge of the radio lobes, we realize we are looking at an event margin where the synchrotron radiation is undergoing a major transition, cooling and diffusing into orbit around gravity-center main in the blackness of surrounding space, seeding and saturating the space of the future galaxy with the massive amounts of hydrogen that will become the source and fuel of star birth and the whole of stellar evolution within the galaxy.

As we let our Consciousness Vision adjust to the dark around the edge of the radio jets and lobes streaming from the Big-Bang engine in the Quasar, we can see the entire process of Radio Galaxy evolution develop before our eyes, like a photograph developing in a darkroom moment-by-moment as the radio-loud Quasar transforms the surrounding space into a hydrogen-rich atmosphere that will give gradually rise to the stellar evolution of an entire galaxy. Radio-emitting particle plasma in the synchrotron jets transition into the bright radio lobes, which in turn transition into expanding clouds of continuum-radiation containing hot ionized hydrogen gas, which in turn transitions at the event margin of the radio cloud’s cooler edge into a diffusing vapor of hydrogen ions and electrons, which in turn transition at event points of proton-electron coupling into hydrogen atoms that steadily increase in amount in the colder regions of surrounding space, where they form the radio visible areas of atomic hydrogen (21-centimeter line emission) that spread and expand and diffuse throughout the entire space of the galaxy. As we adjust the focus of our Consciousness Vision to look at the galaxy at radio wavelengths that only show the distribution of neutral hydrogen atoms (21-centimeter line emission), we see that a sphere of neutral hydrogen extends out to twice the size of the future optical galaxy, and in the center of this sphere of neutral atomic hydrogen there is a hole, like the hole in the center of a spherical donut, and in that hole that surrounds the nuclear center of the galaxy, the space is filled with hydrogen ions and is devoid of hydrogen atoms, and we realize that we have just seen a 21-centimeter hydrogen atom snapshot that is familiar to science as being characteristic of hydrogen atom distribution in all galaxies.

Watching galaxy evolution happen in this way, it becomes easy to understand why the galaxy’s hydrogen distribution looks the way it does, because the hydrogen ions are formed in high concentration around the quasar at nuclear center where the thermal inferno only permits hydrogen to be in plasma and ionized form. Whereas beyond the thermal margin of galaxy center, the cool hydrogen ions assemble into their atomic form and spread outward from the effluence that is constantly jettisoning from the Big-Bang engine inside the quasar. As we return our attention to the quasar’s radio jets and resulting hot twin-lobed clouds and plumes, and as we focus down into the blackness beyond the outer edge of that radio cloud, we begin to see that there are thermo-magnetic-barometric pressure lines that precisely define the borders and barometric conditions of hydrogen regions throughout the space of the galaxy. And we realize that each of these lines is also an event margin that defines the transition between hydrogen ions and hydrogen atoms and hydrogen molecules. And where the transition lines become more dense and distinct, we begin to recognize definable regions and diffuse nebulae and clouds in the galaxy’s newly formed hydrogen topography that we have seen many times before: HII hydrogen ion regions, HI neutral hydrogen regions, H-alpha and Balmer lines of hydrogen ion-atom conversion, and cold clouds of molecular hydrogen. And even though these regions are fainter than what we are accustomed to see in the disk region of spiral galaxies, because there are no dense clouds of atomic-molecular dust, we realize that these regions are flowing and transitioning from ionic to atomic to molecular form in that sequence and order, because we can see where the hydrogen plasma jet and cloud flow begins as hot ions and electrons that cool and combine into atoms that combine into molecules that gather in the coldness of galaxy space into their respective nebulae. In this way, hydrogen is being massively produced and regionally distributed by every Quasar and AGN in the physical universe. And in this way, after the massively produced hydrogen cools and gathers into nebulae that gravitationally collapse and ignite into the thermonuclear optical light of the stars, the optical galaxy is born. And in this way, the Quasar gives rise to every Radio Galaxy and every Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) in the universe.

Realizing that we have just seen the early evolution of a Radio Galaxy and there is as yet not even one star in sight in the radio-loud space around the Quasar, we rub our Cosmos eyes to be sure that what we are seeing is actually what is there. But as we look again, the ocular nature of Consciousness Vision being the way it is, we find ourselves looking at the magic moving motion of another kind of vision! Out of the Big-Bang furnace of Quasar, twin Rivers of Hydrogen are jettisoning outward and pouring into a galactic Hydrogen Ocean made of currents and drizzles and drops of hydrogen ions and hydrogen atoms and hydrogen molecules all contained within the shores of regional galaxy space. And the translation of what these dreamy eyes are seeing is? From plasma to cloud to gas, these transitions in the particulate form of hydrogen are not unlike the transition and journey of H₂O from the surface of a hot pot on the fire—from hot water to heavy steam to fading vapor to an invisible diffusing humidity of gas—where the fire under the pot is the explosive Big-Bang process inside the quasar, the hot water the plasma jets and lobes, the heavy steam the radio clouds and plumes, the fading vapor the event margin at the cool black edge of the radio cloud, and the diffusing humidity of invisible gas is the black of space around the bright twin-lobes and plumes of the radio structure, the same black space that is known to be filled with 21-centimeter line emission atomic hydrogen in fully formed galaxies.  

These NRAO superimposed Radio/Optical images of Radio Galaxy 3C272.1 (NGC 4347) (M84) show its massive radio jets and radio clouds extending far beyond the HST optical image of its E1 elliptical galaxy, which is the sphere of light in the center of the VLA radio structure between the two radio jets. This galactic nucleus shows evidence of a supermassive black hole. (Bridle A. 2000, Images of Radio Galaxies and Quasars; Bower et al. 1997, HST WFPC image)

We have just watched the sequence of events that is responsible for the gradual evolution of a newborn quasar into a large radio galaxy. From this ongoing Big-Bang perspective, it is easy to see how the massively produced hydrogen forms a hydrogen atmosphere in the galaxy region that cools and gravitationally collapses into nebulae, which thereby reach the thermonuclear threshold of star birth, which gradually gives rise to the optically visible elliptical galaxy that is characteristically found in the center of each radio galaxy. However, that was a composite view of the galaxy as a whole from a distance. With the help of our Consciousness Vision, let’s return to the quasar stage of galaxy evolution and cone in on the quasar to see what we can see from this ongoing Big-Bang perspective.  

(Image is from April 27, 1994 Photo Release No. STScI-PR94-16: Hubble Resolves Quasars’ Host Galaxies; Credit Hutchings J., Dominion Astrophysical Observatory. The quasar viewed through the Ground-Based Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope and Hubble Space Telescope was thought to be the result of a collision between two galaxies.)

The focal power of our sight and comprehension is enhanced by realizing the ongoing nature of the Big-Bang process. As we focus on the Quasar, which is the brightest known object in the physical universe, we see that this quasi-stellar object (QSO) is burning furiously, a Big-Bang furnace in the night jettisoning its products of baryonogenesis into an expanding ocean composed of hydrogen. At optical wavelengths, as we bring our focus down to the compact core where the radio jets are being formed at the opposite poles of the quasar, we see that there is a disk of dense hot plasma and gas whirling around the equatorial plane of the quasar. Knowing that the quasar is the site of an ongoing Big-Bang process, we finally begin to understand what is going on in this region. The quasi-stellar object (QSO) known as Quasar, burning more brightly than 100 billion suns in the space of one solar system, is continuously producing hydrogen protons and electrons, the baryonogenic products of the Big Bang. And whereas the energy from the Big Bang radiates outward from the quasar in all directions, the nucleosynthesis products produced by the Big Bang (nucleosynthesis of hydrogen from quark-gluon plasma) are captured by the supermassive gravitational force of the quasar, which is steadily turning the trajectory of these particles into a path of orbit around the quasar’s equatorial plane. There, the newly created particles of mass form a whirling hot plasma disk that streams in orbit around the equatorial plane of the quasar, molded into molten shape like the Rings of Saturn, though a galaxy order-of-magnitude greater in size. As the explosive output of particles continues from the ongoing Big-Bang process, the orbiting plasma and gaseous disk grows in size into a torus of hot plasma. As the torus forms and grows in size around the equatorial plane, the twin-jets of charged particle plasma form and grow concomitantly in the resulting magnetic field and are jettisoned at right angles outward from the plane of the equatorial disk of the quasar, forming the twin jets of hot charged particle plasma and the ensuing radio clouds aforementioned. 

Focusing our Consciousness Vision in the dark around the quasar’s twin-lobed jets and clouds of radio-loud particles, the sum and substance of the dark mass and matter of hydrogen looks like a weather map of thermo-barometric lines of heat and pressure in constant motion, with highs and lows and currents between them that are all transforming into local conditions that presage the onset of stellar evolution. Within this dense hydrogen milieu, the ignition of stars will transform the galaxy from radio-loud to optical-bright as the radio-emitting hydrogen ions and atoms and molecules are transformed by gravitational gathering and collapse into star-burst nebula nurseries that give birth to the thermonuclear light of the stars.

As a whole, the thermo-barometric mass of hydrogen is swirling around the galaxy hub of gravity center-main, the Quasar. In the center, from distant view, the quasar is now burning more brightly than the optical light of a 100 galaxies, all within an area the size of a single solar system. Within the circumnuclear region around the quasar is a hydrogen hurricane, a tornado disk of hot hydrogen proton-electron plasma whirling around the supermassive gravitational force of the quasar. Peripheral to this gravitational concentration of thermonuclear storm, all is dark but far from quiet in the periphery of the galaxy. Peripherally, throughout the region of the future optical galaxy, there is a furiously stirring hydrogen atmosphere surrounding the quasar, like the gaseous atmosphere surrounding planet Earth, except that this atmosphere is a galaxy order-of-magnitude larger with an atomic composition that is an order-of-magnitude simpler, because the entire atmosphere is almost pure hydrogen in its various conditions and forms.

Region by region within the optical dark radio-loud expanse of the galaxy, the local hydrogen weather conditions vary enormously, depending upon the climate conditions of each region. These local atmospheric conditions account for the rate and distribution of stellar evolution within the galaxy: 1) violent activity and compression of the gaseous disk around the equatorial plane of the quasar at the nuclear center of the galaxy; 2) the surrounding spherical hydrogen-rich bulge of the galaxy, where hydrogen ions and atoms and molecules gather locally into atmospheres and nebulae that gradually give rise to the first generations of stars and star clusters; 3) the region near the jets where hot ionized hydrogen is exploding outward and nearby gatherings of hydrogen gas are flying in high-velocity clouds; 4) the region in the outlying rarefied stratosphere of the surrounding halo. Regionally, each area of hydrogen climate outside the active galactic nuclear center of the galaxy is affected as much or more by local gravitational and thermal conditions than by the central gravitational effects of the supermassive quasar that forms gravity-center main, hence enabling nebula formation, followed by local gravitational collapse of nebulae and resulting birth of stars, and the undisturbed evolution of globular clusters of stars that are characteristic of elliptical galaxies, which is the first symmetrical stage of optical galaxy evolution.

Before we focus in on these local regions, we are going to take a rapid-fire look at the entire process and sequence of galaxy evolution, because we have to be very clear in our scientific minds about what comes first and what comes next and why. Then we will cone in on the quasar and the region of the active galactic nucleus (AGN) to see how and why galaxy evolution happens the way it does.

Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution  

As frame of reference for galaxy forms and terminology, I will use Edwin Hubble’s Classification.

First, an overview of galaxy evolution from its Big-Bang beginning to present physical form to show what comes first, what comes next, what comes last and why: Galaxy evolution systematically progresses from quasar to irregular blue dwarf galaxy to elliptical galaxy to spiral galaxy—in that order!

Galaxy evolution is determined by the sequential Evolution of the Atoms. Stellar Evolution is determined by the sequential Evolution of Atoms. Galaxy dust evolution, the interstellar medium and intragalactic dust lanes that are responsible for changing the morphological nature of the galaxy—i.e., increasing ellipticity, transition from elliptical to spiral form, increasing mass of spiral disk, bars and spiral arms—results from the sequential Evolution of Atoms culminating in the formation of atomic-molecular mass. The line of evolution that binds and holds everything together in this theory is the sequential Evolution of Atoms.  

The mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution proceeds as follows: Galaxy birth, growth and evolution are the result of Ongoing “Big-Bang” nucleosynthesis of Hydrogen within the Quasar. Hydrogen in plasma form is jettisoned continuously from the quasar into surrounding space. The expanding hydrogen atmosphere flooding into space around the quasar regionally evolves from plasma jets to ionic (H⁺) to atomic (H⁰) to molecular (H₂) hydrogen form in the cooler surrounding regions of galactic space, which is detectable as the transition from isolated Radio Quasar to Radio Galaxy (Hydrogen Evolution). Hydrogen nebulae gravitationally collapse and give birth to the galaxy’s stars. Optically evident star birth begins as a Blue Dwarf Galaxy that steadily grows in size and density of globular cluster distribution that gradually fills the surrounding space and results in the formation and growth of the Elliptical Galaxy (Stellar Evolution). Stellar evolution and supernova explosions within the active galactic nucleus (AGN) region of the enlarging galaxy result in sequential nuclear fusion of atoms of higher atomic weight and their regional distribution within galactic space. Within the AGN region the atoms assemble into molecules, the molecules amass into visible rings of intragalactic dust, the growing amassment of visible galaxy dust centrifugally spills into bars and spiral arms, resulting in the gradual transformation of the elliptical galaxy into spiral galaxy form (Atomic-Molecular Evolution).

The birth, growth and evolution of the galaxy, and its morphological metamorphosis from quasar to radio galaxy to elliptical galaxy to spiral galaxy, are an uninterrupted continuum in nature. The myriad of quasars and galaxy morphology we see in intergalactic space are telephoto snapshots of this sequential process of galaxy birth, growth and evolution. By precisely aligning the stages of this process, I have been able to unveil and define the entire process of galaxy evolution step-by-step as follows: Big-Bang birth of visible quasar (QSO); on-going Big-Bang formation of radio jets and twin-lobed form of radio quasar (Radio-Weak and Radio-Loud Quasars); optical quiet radio-loud galaxy (Radio Galaxy); optical appearance of irregular, blue dwarf galaxy (Irregular Blue Galaxy); active galactic nucleus (AGN) stage of galaxy evolution begins to appear; small elliptical galaxy (E1), medium elliptical galaxy (E3), large elliptical galaxy (E7); dust lane transformation of galaxy from elliptical to spiral disk form (S0); vigorous AGN production of immense amounts of intragalactic dust accumulates in the disk and spiral arms of spiral galaxies (Sa); prominent central bulge progressively decreases and spiral disk and spiral arms progressively increase as the stellar mass of the halo is recycled and incorporated into the massive dust lanes and metal-rich nebulae of the spiral disk, bars and arms (Sa-Sc). The presence or absence of a prominent bar (SB) in spiral galaxy evolution is a function of the active nuclear center, as will be demonstrated.

Quasars in Galaxies 

Now that you have an overview of the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution as a frame of reference for orientation, we can cone in regionally on the galaxy to clearly define and elucidate each step of each stage in this process of galaxy growth and evolution. So far we have watched the Big-Bang birth of quasar, the evolution of the quasar into a twin-lobed radio structure, and the growth of the optical dark, radio-loud galaxy that resulted from the quasar’s radio jets constantly flooding space with a radio-emitting ocean of hydrogen. We are now going to watch the galaxy ignite into thermonuclear optical light.

Even though the awesome optical transformation of the galaxy into starlight form is a gradual piecemeal process that requires eons of galaxy time, which accounts for why the optical appearance of early galaxies are for a time irregular and bizarre in shape, this thermonuclear ignition of hydrogen into helium erupts into a ferocious and unruly fireworks display that won’t settle down until the myriads of stars are placidly parked in a symmetrical distribution of globular clusters that are peacefully orbiting in space around gravity center-main—the Quasar—and their long journey of growth as an elliptical galaxy begins.  

However

In the Beginning

in and around each—Quasar—all hell is breaking lose!

November 19, 1996 Hubble Space Telescope Press Release No. STScI-1996-35: Hubble Surveys the “Homes” of Quasars (Bahcall and Disney, 1996). The caption of the article, which is summarized below, states that quasars reside in a variety of galaxies, from normal to highly disturbed. Seen through ground-based telescopes, these compact, enigmatic light sources resemble stars, yet they are billions of light-years away and several hundred billion times brighter than normal stars. Astronomers believe that a quasar turns on when a massive black hole at the nucleus of a galaxy feeds on gas and stars. Eventually, the black hole will stop emitting radiation once it consumes all nearby matter. Then it needs debris from a collision of galaxies or another process to provide more fuel. The column of images on the left represents normal galaxies; the center, colliding galaxies; the right, peculiar galaxies.

Top left: Image shows quasar PG 0052+251, which is 1.4 billion light-years from Earth, at the core of a “normal spiral galaxy.” Astronomers were surprised to find host galaxies, such as this one, that appear undisturbed by the strong quasar radiation.

Bottom left: Quasar PHL 909 is 1.5 billion light-years from Earth and lies at the core of an apparently “normal elliptical galaxy.”

Top center: The photo reveals evidence of a catastrophic collision between two galaxies, IRAS04505-2958, which is 3 billion light-years from Earth. The quasar is the bright object in the center of the image. Surrounding the core are star forming regions. The distance between the quasar and spiral ring is 15,000 light-years, which is one-seventh the diameter of our Milky Way. A foreground star lies just above the quasar. [Comment: The second bright object above and to the right, being a foreground star, has nothing to do with the quasar or the alleged collision between two galaxies. PH]

Bottom center: Quasar PG 1012+008, located 1.6 billion light-years from Earth, merging with a bright galaxy, the object just below the quasar. The two objects are 31,000 light-years apart.

Top right: Hubble image of a tidal tail of dust and gas beneath quasar 0316-346, located 2.2 billion light years from Earth.

Bottom right: Distinct loops of glowing gas around quasar IRAS13218+0552, 2 billion light-years from Earth.

The article went on to say that researchers were intrigued by the fact that the quasars studied do not appear to have obviously damaged the galaxies in which they live, that though a number of the images show collisions between pairs of galaxies which could trigger the birth of quasars, some pictures reveal apparently normal, undisturbed galaxies possessing quasars. Quasars are among the most baffling objects in the universe because of their small size and prodigious energy output. Quasars are not much bigger than Earth’s solar system but pour out 100 to 1,000 times as much light as an entire galaxy containing a hundred billion stars. A supermassive black hole, gobbling up stars, gas and dust, is theorized to be the “engine” powering a quasar. Most astronomers agree an active black hole is the only credible possibility that explains how quasars can be so compact, variable and powerful. About half of the quasars studied have host galaxies which look undisturbed. Astronomers agreed that the Hubble images conclusively show that most quasars lie at the cores of luminous galaxies, both spiral and elliptical, and that quasars that are “radio quiet” are often in elliptical galaxies, not always in spiral galaxies as previously believed. 

Are the galaxies colliding or growing? These Hubble images take on a completely different appearance when you use different mind-set filters, depending upon whether your vision is being filtered through a single Big Bang mindset or filtered through a recurring and ongoing Big-Bang mindset. As almost everyone on the planet has a single Big Bang mindset, the interpretation of what is seen becomes constrained to the following sequence: First there is a galaxy filled with stars. Next a black hole forms in the center of the galaxy that grows to supermassive size by “gobbling up” stars and interstellar dust. Next the black hole runs out of fuel. Next two galaxies have to collide together in order to provide fuel for the black hole that is causing the quasar to burn 100 to 1,000 times brighter than an entire galaxy containing a hundred billion stars, plus to provide the “stellar debris” fuel to account for the vigorous star formation that is seen occurring around each quasar.

As I look at these Hubble images with the realization that the quasar is the site of the Big-Bang, the site of the hydrogen-producing process described above, I don’t see galaxies colliding. With the single possible exception of the bottom-center picture, I don’t see two galaxies at all. I see a quasar surrounded by a single galaxy, symmetrical in form on the left and amorphous and irregular in form on the right. Whenever we filter what our eyes see with a different mindset, what we see looks entirely different. Look at the photographs on the left and right. Where are there two galaxies? I don’t see two galaxies. There aren’t two galaxies! And I don’t see a black hole either. I see a brilliant burning Orb surrounded by a bright haze of intense starburst activity, symmetrical on the left and amorphous and irregular on the right. Then, when I don my eyesight with my ongoing Big-Bang mindset filter, I see a single optical galaxy around each—Quasar—and every one of them is growing! Furthermore, these quasars, which are surrounded by very early stages of optical galaxy evolution, are each located from 1.4 to 3 billion light-years from Earth, which means that the nearby regions of the universe are filled with Big-Bangs and all stages of optical galaxy evolution. Science has been zooming right past what everybody is looking for: the Big Bang! It is all around us in every direction we look!

We need both our physical vision and consciousness vision to see what’s going on, and if either our physical vision or our consciousness vision is blurry or confused, what we see is going to be a distorted picture of what is there. Our physical vision is the benchmark of physical reality, our means of testing what our consciousness envisions is the origin and sequence of universe evolution. However, even though physical vision can reliably test the “reality” of the patterns we see, which is what science is all about, physical vision alone—cannot—see the pattern, because the pattern requires an assemblage of images, an assemblage of 3-dimensional images in proper sequence to visualize the process of evolution. It is consciousness vision that shows us the pattern; it is physical vision that tests the reality of what dawns into view within our consciousness.

In the pages ahead, I am going to show you what my consciousness vision sees so clearly: a formulation of the event-by-event evolution of the galaxy and physical universe. As I describe the pattern and events in consciousness imagery terms, which is simply a methodology to show a clear visual picture of the evolutionary process, I will present evidence that supports each step of this theory. 

Let’s return to the depth of space where our Consciousness Vision watched the birth of a new Quasar. As you will recall, we watched the brilliant quasar emit its Big-Bang products of baryonogenisis that formed the plasma disk around the equatorial plane and the twin-lobed radio jets flooding surrounding space with massive amounts of hydrogen, which is transitioning here and there from ionic to atomic to molecular form within the various regions of the galaxy. At this stage of galaxy evolution, the region surrounding the quasar is now recognizable as a radio galaxy.

We will now bring the quasar into focus at optical wavelengths of light. All we see at optical wavelengths is a brilliant orb in black space because we aren’t looking at radio wavelengths at this time, so we don’t see the radio jets or twin-lobed radio clouds or the galactic ocean of hydrogen that has flooded the darkness of space around the quasar. Even though our radio antennae are turned off, however, we know that massive regions of hydrogen are there, and we know that hydrogen is a ferocious fuel for thermonuclear explosion, like a lake of gasoline billowing invisible fumes and vapors is fuel for the sparks of a match in hand. Around the equator of the quasar, we see a whirling gaseous disk burning like a torus of sun, and explosive fire is jettisoning in opposite directions in the form of Cosmic Plasma Jets from the poles of the quasar into distant darkness. And we begin to see two regions of colossal thermonuclear activity bursting into optical light: 1) Centrally, the beginning of the active galactic nucleus (AGN) region around the quasar. 2) Peripherally, along the jets and in the dark distance far from gravity center-main, shock waves from the jets are causing brilliant bilious bursts of thermonuclear explosion in the hydrogen-rich atmosphere, which appear separate from the quasar itself because we are not able to see the contiguity of the hydrogenous radio-wavelength atmosphere that underlies the more distant thermonuclear optical events. 

Centrally, around the burning torus of plasma that is being constantly fed by the ongoing explosive Big-Bang process inside the quasar, the hot gaseous disk is steadily spreading outward in a plane at the equator of the quasar. Within this active galactic nuclear region, horrendous thermonuclear storms are igniting in the orbiting plasma and gas, which is being compressed and ignited by the supermassive gravitational force of the quasar and heat of the Big-Bang process inside the depth of the quasar’s orb. This AGN region is so violent that thermonuclear explosion occurs in arcs and threads and filaments and orbiting liquid flows rather than the stable spherical forms of stars, because the tidal forces and compressing effects of supermassive gravity-center main distort the thermonuclear plasma into chaotically changing liquid sheets and stretches and shapes that are thousands of solar magnitudes in size. Around this thermonuclear holocaust in the newborn AGN, tidal waves of shock and pressure are spreading radially outward into the relatively cooler hydrogen regions of the central bulge, triggering local compression and gravitational collapse of hydrogen nebulae into rings and shock-wave lines of starburst activity. Therefrom, further out in the central bulge where local gravity conditions exceed the effects of gravity center-main, globular clusters of stars are beginning to be formed and an optical haze of clustered stars is spreading outward on the tides of force erupting from the circumnuclear AGN surrounding the quasar at galaxy center, and the optical haze of stars and globular clusters are billowing outward and spreading like stardrops within amassments of accumulating optical clouds of erupting starburst that are hot-huff, cold-puff blown, stirring and strewn on winds and tides into the orbiting amorphous irregular shape of a rapidly growing, rapidly changing, rapidly spreading, irregularly molding central bulge of a new young irregular shaped Galaxy! (Irregular Blue Dwarf Galaxy)

Peripherally, the Cosmic Plasma Jets from the quasar are now exploding outward 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 thousand light-years into the surrounding blackness, landing to rest in swollen-hot-stormy clouds of hydrogen-rich space. Those twin—Jets—from the opposite poles of the quasar have been flooding space with hydrogen for hundreds of thousands and millions of years! Now they are jettisoning thermonuclear conditions into dense atmospheres of hydrogen fuel, sending shock waves into hydrogen-rich regions all along the length of their jets and on into the optically invisible radio clouds buried in the depth of space, thousands of light-years away from the quasar. Peripheral inflow and rising barometric density of hydrogen from the flooding jets triggers the regional hydrogen-rich atmosphere into gravitational collapse, and thermonuclear ignition of stars in an expanding bilious haze of starburst activity in seemingly remote areas of adjacent black space—forms satellites of starburst storm—thousands of light years away from gravity-center main, the burning Orb of Quasar.

As we watch the various regions of the optical galaxy grow in size during its initial stages of evolution, including the circumnuclear haze of the expanding AGN—and twin jets sending lopsided limbs of starburst appendages stretching in two directions out into the night—and bilious blobs and clumps of isolated starburst worlds dangling and spreading in the gravitational grip of growing atomic mass in the outer regions of space like disconnected satellites, the young galaxy looks like a jumble being formed by a hopscotch of chaos. Knowing, however, that this stage is just the natural rapid-growth turmoil of a young galaxy’s growth and evolution, which accounts for the mysterious appearance and puzzling presence of the “Irregular Faint Blue Galaxy” population found in the Hubble Space Telescope’s Medium Deep Survey, we keep watching to see how this cataclysmic beginning is going to shape up in the end.

As the process continues, we see that the area in the central bulge gradually fills in with globular clusters and smoothes out into a spherical galaxy (E0), in which new stars and clusters are constantly being formed and homogeneously distributed by their orbit around gravity center-main. Through the continuous supply of hydrogen and formation of new stars, the growing numbers of clusters become gradually distributed in a smooth spherical gradient from densely populated center to sparsely populated periphery. Peripherally, while the central bulge of stars and clusters were expanding outwardly, so too the satellites of starburst activity were forming into cluster regions that were beginning to orbit from their sites of origin into clumps and spreading stretches of stars and clusters orbiting around gravity center-main. Through continued ignition and orbital distribution of optically visible stars and clusters, the two growing regions gradually merge and blend together into the gradient of the growing elliptical galaxy. As we continue to watch the galaxy slowly double and double again in size over cosmological time, we begin to see how a small elliptical galaxy (E1) grows in stages (E3) and becomes redder as its constituent stars grow older with age (E5) until the galaxy becomes a ripe-red, full-grown giant elliptical galaxy (E7) that through the ongoing Big-Bang process had grown 10 times larger than its original size.

Regionally, although the galactic nucleus around the quasar appears larger and much less bright than the naked quasar that started the process of galaxy evolution, we can see that the quasar is as active as it ever was because its jets are still exploding outward from gravity-center main to far beyond the outer edge of the giant elliptical galaxy. Looking at this gradual growth process of galaxy evolution, it becomes evident that the enormous amount of dust produced in the circumnuclear region must be absorbing and masking the quasar’s original brilliance, because the quasar and its giant jets are still there and had never gone away.

As we watched the irregular, blue dwarf galaxy grow optically larger in size and evolve from a small spherical galaxy (E0) into a larger (E3) and redder elliptical galaxy (E5), we could see the main-sequence stars growing red like sunset with age, and supernova explosions began to appear that looked like sparkles in the distance. And as the sparkles were exploding here and there more frequently, like sparkling supernova had become part of the galaxy’s steady state process, like Nature had just found a new adornment that was so marvelous she just wanted to wear it everywhere, the galaxy was steadily becoming more elliptical in shape (E7). More and more so.

And it made me wonder why.

Why?

Why is the galaxy becoming progressively more elliptical? 

Consciousness Vision in the Space of Mind is such a strange phenomenon sometimes. Images wandering through the space of mind. Associated thoughts moving around each image like for some reason they think they belong there. And another image appears out of nowhere, like it’s floating from somewhere to somewhere and I just happen to be there as it floats on by. And thoughts move around each image like slow moving snoopy flies. And some even orbit round and round the vision, like they don’t want to go away. Like they found their place. Like they’re here to stay. Some images come from memory. Some float in from nowhere it seems, just to make me wonder how and why. Some of them are just like goofballs, like my mind wants to make me laugh, or let me know I’m tired. Then some of them are like I’ve—Never—ever seen Nature before! And even those are pulling thoughts to orbit endless round.

Then I saw the—Ring of Dust—in the Galaxy known as M105. What’s this? I wondered.

And your Name by Nature, sir? I asked.

Elliptical.

Elliptical?

Elliptical!

Thoughts came flying at me allaclammerscreaming—seemehearmeseemehearme— meaningmeaningmeaning!

Collapsing Sights upon me like Thunder-Sunder Thoughts gone—Crazy!

Crowding for their Place!

Gathering—toward—a—hundred—orbits—all—at—Once!

Like I was seeing it—ALL—Raining down its Structure in a Storm of Stone and Bone!

Insides Spinning and Outsides Still!—Like Madness Turning Inside Out!  

That’s the way it feels sometimes, when I begin to see. Of course it’s only a small thing when pieces fall together in a little spot of life like me. And why it makes me almost cry, I’ll just never understand. But that’s the way it happened: I saw the Cosmos changing from Her days of Ancient Youth. Nature as shocked as you and I by what was starting to strive deep within her Depth with no warning, and no reprieve. Never, ever, to be the same again! I saw the whole universe filled grandly round and balanced with galaxies of elliptical form, small and large and every size, and some were babies being born and some were old and large and wise, and that’s all there ever was forever since the days the Stars were Born. 

Then I saw the Ring of Dust and Stone! Untoward and Terrible! And everything was changing so fast inside it didn’t feel safe for any form at all! And who could ever predict at a time like that what was to come? Not even Nature Herself could dream that this one day would lead to you and I. We spots of life, born on a speck of rolling dust to ponder who and what we are and why.  

From that small insane subjective little moment of insight onward, I felt I knew exactly where the galaxies had come from and why their shape has changed the way it has: The Line of Evolution that holds everything together is the sequential Evolution of the Atoms and the Stars!

First an image, then the blueprint, then we’ll look at the universe with our physical eyes to see how this theory Fits the Facts.

Here is the order and sequence of Galaxy and Physical Universe Evolution: First came the Quasar. Then came Hydrogen. Then came the Stars. Then came Helium and the Universe of Elliptical Galaxies. Then came the Cataclysm of Dust, the shaper and shape of all the rest. Born of Helium from which the monumental River of Mass flows—Forging Galaxy Dust—and out of the Gates of the Helium Hearth the Molecular March had begun. 

Dust reforms Elliptical Galaxies into Spiral Galaxies

And here we are, born from the Fire and Dust of the Milky Way

Evolving on our Journey into a new Millennium! 

December 6, 1994, Space Telescope Science Institute Office of Public Outreach PR 94 52c: Galaxies: Snapshots in Time (Dressler et al., 1994). This sequence of NASA Hubble Space Telescope images of remote galaxies offers initial clues to the evolution of galaxies in the universe. The accompanying caption is paraphrased below. 

[far left column] These are traditional spiral and elliptical-shaped galaxies that make up the two basic classes of galaxies that inhabit the universe we see in our current epoch, “14 billion years after the birth of the universe in the Big Bang.” Elliptical galaxies contain older stars, while spirals have vigorous ongoing star formation in their dusty, pancake-shaped disks.

[center left column] (9 billion years after original Big Bang) Elliptical galaxies appear fully evolved because they resemble today’s descendents. By contrast, some spirals have a frothier appearance, with loosely shaped arms of young star formation.

[center right column] (5 billion years after original Big Bang) Distinctive spiral structure appears more vague and disrupted. These objects do not have the symmetry of current day spirals and contain irregular clumps of starburst activity. However, even this far back toward the beginning of time, the elliptical galaxy (top) is still clearly recognizable. However, the distinction between ellipticals and spirals grows less certain.

[far right column] (2 billion years after original Big Bang) The distinction between spiral and elliptical galaxies may well disappear at this early epoch. However, the object in the top frame has the light profile of a mature elliptical galaxy. This implies that ellipticals formed remarkably early in the universe while spiral galaxies took much longer to form. 

Those Hubble images are actual look-back photographs in Space-Time, but the interpretation of what is seen is influenced by the mindset filter of a single Big Bang giving rise en masse to the elemental atomic mass of the entire universe all at one time.

Now let’s look at the same HST images through the mindset filter of recurring Big-Bangs giving rise to the physical universe galaxy by galaxy, with the ongoing Big-Bang process in the quasar resulting in the formation of hydrogen that causes the growth and evolution of each galaxy. First we have to adjust the way we look at Time, because Time is no longer a single line leading to a single Point in Space that was the single Point of Beginning from which all-and-everything in the universe materialized and expanded. So instead of using “Age of the Universe” as a frame of reference, which forces all the galaxies into a simultaneous sequence of evolution, all marching in step from a single starting gun Point in Time, which impacts enormously upon the process of individual galaxy evolution and the interpretation of what we see, “Eras of Light-Years Past” can be used as our frame of reference. This makes our present location on Earth the point of reference looking back into Cosmos history rather than looking forward in Time from a hypothetical point of universe birth. Accordingly, [far left column] becomes Current Era, and [far right column] becomes 12 billion Light-Years Past relative to our location within infinite space. With this frame of reference, anything can happen anywhere in space according to its own time and circumstance and observable processes in evidence. If galaxies are born and evolve at multiple sites in space, we should then be able to see the entire sequence of galaxy evolution because the entire process can potentially be occurring within the range of the Hubble telescope.

STScI PRC 1994-52b, Galaxies in the Young Universe (Macchetto and Giavalisco, 1994). 

For example, from an ongoing Big-Bang perspective, as I look at this expanded image of the [far right column (center)] above, which is Quasar Q0000-263 in the constellation Sculptor, I see a quasar in the earliest stage of optical galaxy evolution with a bright haze of starburst activity already forming around the brilliant quasar. This quasar corresponds in appearance to the quasars we saw earlier that were located inside host galaxies, which were described as “peculiar galaxies.” Whereas this quasar is located 12 billion light-years from Earth, the two quasars in the “peculiar” host galaxies are located 2 billion light-years from Earth. This indicates that quasars are born in our local region of space as well as the distant past, the proximity of which enables our optical resolution to see the evolutionary process that is occurring around them in greater detail.

Choice of terms can affect the way we think. “Quasar Host Galaxies”, the term used in the previous press release to represent the relationship of the Quasar to the surrounding Galaxy, tends to imply that the Galaxy pre-existed its Quasar occupant, which is a theoretical assumption stamped in the mind like a scientific fact by the connotation of the term. By contrast, with the Quasar being the site of an ongoing Big-Bang, I can readily see how these “peculiar” galaxies are potentially the earliest phase of optical galaxy growth and evolution. In [far right column (top)] above, I see a brilliant central region with an appendage growing out of it, possibly an optical jet or starburst results of a jet. In [center right column (top)] is a small elliptical galaxy with a bright haze satellite, perhaps forming in the hot-spot region near a radio jet. In [center right column (bottom)] above, I see an amorphous central haze with an arc of bright starburst activity which will eventually fill in and become an early elliptical galaxy.

Irregular Blue Galaxies 

July 24, 1995 Space Telescope Science Institute Press Release No. STScI-PR95-08: Hubble Sheds Light On The “Faint Blue Galaxy Mystery” (Windhorst et al., 1995). Astronomers using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope reported solving a 20-year-old mystery by showing that a class of galaxy once thought to be rare is actually the most common type of galaxy in the universe. The faint blue galaxies were randomly imaged as part of a Hubble Space Telescope project called the “Medium Deep Survey”, which was a search for unexpected objects in uncharted areas of sky. Analyzing the images, the astronomers concluded that the small irregular objects called “blue dwarfs” were more numerous several billion years ago, at distances estimated to range from 3 to 8 billion light-years. The researchers said that this means the blue dwarfs figure more prominently in the evolution of galaxies than previously thought and that we’re going to have to come up with a new way of understanding the distorted galaxies that are seen in huge numbers. At the faintest limits of the survey more than half the galaxies seen consisted of these distorted systems of stars. Described as irregular and peculiar galaxies, Hubble’s high resolution showed that most of these faint galaxies do not resemble elliptical and well-defined spiral galaxies that are common in the present universe. The caption of the image, Irregular Blue Galaxies, stated that the galaxies are blue because they are undergoing episodes of intense star formation which produce a lot of young, hot, and blue stars.  

Photo Caption for the HST image at right, No. STScI-PRC94-39B, was Hubble Space Telescope Deep-Sky Survey Finds Huge Numbers of Irregular and Peculiar Galaxies (Griffiths, 1995) The Medium Deep Survey uncovered a bizarre variety of shapes and structures in distant galaxies, which previously appeared as fuzzy blobs from ground-based telescopes. The bright blue regions indicate a rapid episode of star formation. Hubble reveals that these irregular and peculiar galaxies once outnumbered large galaxies. 

As I look at these Irregular Blue Galaxies with an ongoing Big-Bang mindset, I see the intense and chaotic process of massive star birth during the earliest stages of galaxy growth and evolution. Each galaxy region has already been flooded with hydrogen that is orbiting en masse around galaxy center and is reaching the thermonuclear threshold of optically visible star birth in hopscotch fashion as determined by local hydrogen atmosphere conditions. Eventually, as hydrogen pours into the galactic space and reaches thermonuclear star-birth conditions, these blue dwarfs will fill-in and gradually evolve into recognizable cluster filled elliptical galaxies.

Massive regional materialization of hydrogen from an ongoing Big-Bang process within the center of every active galaxy creates an entirely new theoretical paradigm for the solution of the “Faint Blue Galaxy Mystery” and the varying regional distribution and density of galaxy types observed throughout the visible universe. This ongoing Big-Bang process answers where these irregular blue dwarf galaxies came from, why they are small and peculiar in optical shape at this stage of their evolutionary growth, and how and why the first-generation stage of stellar evolution is so starburst active within these blue dwarf galaxies. The ongoing Big-Bang theory also opens a vista of vision that can account for why these irregular blue dwarf galaxies are observed to be so numerous and outnumber large galaxies in the deep field samples 3 to 10 billion light-years away. The density and distribution of the irregular blue galaxies and distribution of galaxies of different types in the various look-back regions of space can be explained by considering two factors: 1) the vast spatial extent and relationship of the Pre-Bang Universe to Post-Bang Universe and 2) the mainstream sequence of galaxy growth and evolution that proceeds from irregular blue galaxy to elliptical galaxy to spiral galaxy form over time. 

Whereas the Pre-Bang Universe in the original Big Bang theory was virtually nonexistent, the spatial relationship between the Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universe in this theory is visibly in evidence at the site of every Big-Bang, which means at the site of every quasar and at the nuclear center of every active galaxy throughout the visible physical universe. In other words, the Pre-Bang Universe is actively giving rise to the Post-Bang Universe everywhere we look in the space of the visible Cosmosphere surrounding planet Earth.

This requires a fundamental change in the way we think when we “look back in time” at prior eras of universe history. We are still looking back in time as defined by the speed of light, but the objects we are looking at in these ancient regions of universe are not the direct linear evolutionary antecedents of our local regional (present-time) space of universe and galaxy structure. We are not looking at our own particular region of space and galaxy contents as it existed in the past, 3 to 8 billion years ago. We are looking at wholly separate and simultaneously existent regions of space that are located 3 to 8 billion light-years away, and seeing telephoto snapshots of how their respective contents of space looked 3 to 8 billion years ago. Since the time of these visible events in the past, those regions of space and galaxy structure have evolved on site into their own respective present-time forms, which we are not able to see because it takes 3 to 8 billion years for the light of their current events to reach our eyes and instruments on planet Earth.

When Space itself is viewed as a geometrical constant, as the cosmological spatial matrix within which the contents of space are formed and change and evolve over time, the visible Big-Bangs we see blasting out of quasars and active galactic nuclei and the snapshot stages of sequential galaxy evolution begin to form a pattern that makes visible physical sense. According to this theory, the Pre-Bang Universe exists everywhere within the space of the visible Post-Bang Universe and is giving rise to the Big-Bang process and galaxy evolution. Accordingly, when we look at the density and distribution of galaxy forms in the various look-back regions of space, we can no longer conclude that the distant populations of galaxies directly give rise to the nearby populations of galaxy structure and form, because the Post-Bang Universe is multicentric rather than unicentric in origin. Each galaxy region arises on-site from the coexisting and co-extensive Pre-Bang Universe that gives rise to the supermassive densities that ignite into the Big-Bang process. Consequently, the presence of larger numbers of various galaxy forms in the sampled regions of look-back space do not necessarily impact directly nor have direct evolutionary bearing on the number, form and population density of galaxies in the nearby universe.

This distinction becomes important when comparing galaxy types and populations in the nearby present to the types and populations of galaxies seen in the distant past, because there has been a tendency from the space-time viewpoint to assume that what we see in distant regions of space is directly causally related to the galaxy populations inhabiting the nearby universe. In other words, it has been assumed that the events and structures we see in distance regions of space have given rise directly to the galaxies in the nearby universe, rather than the nearby galaxies growing locally where we see them by their own Big-Bang process of formation. An example of this is the observation that the number of spiral galaxies in certain look-back regions exceeds the number of spiral galaxies in the nearby universe. This has led to the conclusion that those spiral galaxies have “disappeared” from existence, either by collision with other galaxies reducing their number or by some other means. This line of thinking is based on the space-time view of the universe that assumes that the contents of space billions of light-years away are the contents of the nearby universe at a prior era of time, which formed the basis for concluding that a large number of spiral galaxies have “disappeared”.   

According to this ongoing Big-Bang theory of evolution, regional factors within the Pre-Bang Universe determine the site of origin of each galaxy, because it is conditions within the Pre-Bang Universe that form the supermassive black hole densities that reach the Big-Bang threshold of quasar birth and galaxy materialization. Regional galaxy population density and spatial distribution of galaxy types are as a result directly related to formative conditions that exist within the Pre-Bang Universe and the local regional Post-Bang sequence of galaxy growth and evolution. Every active galaxy in the mainstream sequence is growing from inside outward, from the Pre-Bang Universe outward into Post-Bang form regionally where we see it actively happening, rupturing into growth like flowers from the ground. The Pre-Bang Universe is the seed maker, the former of the supermassive black hole density of the Quasar. The Post-Bang Universe is the flower, the Big-Bang process of galaxy formation rupturing from the supermassive black hole density of the Quasar.

When we look into the depth of space from planet Earth, into the various 3-dimensional shell layers of space-time existence within the visible Cosmosphere surrounding Earth, we are in effect looking at an archeological dig of other regions of space and galaxy forms and structure that are stratified in layers of prior evolutionary history within their own regional existence. These explorations into the 4^th dimension of space are showing us what these sampled regions looked like in their own respective past, because it took billions of years for the light of their events to reach planet Earth. From this vista of vision into the cosmological past, we are able to identify and define universal patterns of galaxy birth, growth and evolution that can account for the visible taxonomy of galaxy forms and the formational events that link the entire process together into a seamless whole, in the same way that Darwin was able to align the taxonomy of the structure of the creatures into a clear picture of the Origin and Evolution of the Species.

Radio Galaxies  

When we have a new paradigm that forms an entirely new perspective, we need to look at the data again because our eyes become opened in different ways and the data begins to shift and sort into other possibilities. By looking closely at galaxies at both optical and radio wavelengths from ongoing Big-Bang perspective, I was able to see how the quasar and its radio jets give rise to the galaxy’s hydrogen atmosphere that results in the thermonuclear birth of the stars, which is the process that accounts for the formation of the radio galaxies and irregular optical galaxies that precede and presage the formation and development of all elliptical galaxies.  

August 7, 1995 Press Release No. STScI-PR95-30: Hubble Uncovers Surprisingly Complex Structures in Radio Galaxies (Longair, 1995). Probing some of the most distant and energetic galaxies in the universe, NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has uncovered surprisingly varied and intricate structures of stars and gas that suggest the processes powering these so-called radio galaxies are more complex than previously thought. The galaxies observed are so far away they existed when the universe was half its present age. A sample of 28 radio galaxies that have been imaged by Hubble in visible light were analyzed by Very Large Array Radio Interferometer at radio wavelengths and by the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope. The article summarized the following background information about radio galaxies in general and these galaxies in particular: A radio galaxy emits powerful radio waves along two opposite directions pointing out from the galaxy’s core. The radio lobes usually extend far beyond the host galaxy. The suspected powerhouse behind the radio emission is a one-billion solar mass black hole in a galaxy’s core. Gaseous jets, traveling at nearly the speed of light, blast out along the rotation axis of the spinning black hole. These jets bore through space like a narrow stream of water from a garden hose nozzle plowing through sand. When they are finally stopped by the intergalactic medium, a huge amount of energy is released in the form of radio waves. Previous ground-based observations since 1987 have shown that, in visible light, distant radio galaxies have an unusual elongated structure—unlike the classic spiral and elliptical shapes in normal galaxies—that align to the twin lobes of radio emissions that are the trademark of such active galaxies. In the Hubble views, these shapes break up into a string of bright knots that might be regions where new stars are forming, or could be glowing clouds of gas. In one galaxy, the knots align to the axis of the jet, while in another case they do not, and instead cluster around the galaxy like smaller “satellite” galaxies. One explanation for the alignment between the invisible jets and optical structures is that the jets trigger the formation of stars along their paths. However, some of the galaxies emit highly polarized light. Since this type of light is not produced by stars, other processes must be at work.  

 Caption accompanying the above images: These Hubble Space Telescope images, combined with radio maps produced by the Very Large Array Radio Interferometer (blue contour lines), show surprisingly varied and intricate structures of gas and stars that suggest the mechanisms powering radio galaxies are more complex than thought previously. The bizarre, never before seen detail may be a combination of light from massive star forming regions, small satellite dwarf galaxies, and bow shocks caused by jets of hot gas blasting out of the galaxies’ cores by suspected black holes.

[LEFT, Radio Galaxy 3C265] Hubble resolves numerous bright star clusters or “dwarf satellite galaxies” surrounding a bright central compact structure. The line corresponds to the axis of the galaxy’s radio emissions, which unlike other radio galaxies is in a different direction from the optical region. The star forming regions might result from a collision between galaxies. The jet that produces the radio emissions might have further intensified star formation.

[CENTER, Radio Galaxy 3C324] A number of small interacting components are distributed roughly along the radio axis in this source. Comparison of the Hubble image with that from the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope suggests that the central regions of this galaxy are obscured by a large dust lane.

[RIGHT, Radio Galaxy 3C368] One of the best studied radio galaxies, this image is composed of a very smooth cigar-shaped emission region closely aligned with the radio axis, upon which is superimposed a string of bright knots that might be stars or dust. This suggests that a jet of high speed gas, presumably ejected from a black hole at the core of the galaxy, might be triggering star formation along its path. 

Looking at these composite radio and optical wavelength images from an ongoing Big-Bang perspective, it is easy to see what is happening here. The ongoing Big-Bang process inside the quasar at the center of the galaxy is the engine that generates the particle-laden radio jets and optical jets. Nonthermal synchrotron emission and thermonuclear optical light ignites within and around the plasma torus orbiting the quasar at galaxy center, and ignites along the path of the particle jets, and ignites near the hot-spot regions where the radio jets end and begin to spread into radio clouds. From what we’ve learned about radio jets and radio-cloud behavior from those beautiful images of the radio structure of Galaxy M87, we know that the expanding radio cloud does not remain at the hot-spot end of the radio jet: after traveling at apparent superluminal speed for thousands of light-years, the radio jet expends its power and becomes caught by the supermassive gravitational force of galaxy center, where the jet turns into a cloud that begins moving in orbit around gravity center-main and…expands……and………spreads.

If we apply this process to Radio Galaxy 3C265 [LEFT], we can theorize what is going on and decipher the reason why the axis of the radio jets is in a different direction than the “axis” of the optical region, and why the thermonuclear starburst activity is clustered around the galaxy like dwarf satellite galaxies. We are looking at a still photograph that is a composite of two separate planes of motion: 1) the outward movement of the jets and 2) the rotational movement of the jettisoned particle-laden clouds after they are captured by the orbital force of gravity-center main. Although these two movements of galaxy mass are occurring simultaneously, we must keep in mind what happens first and what happens next, because there is a sequence of events happening here that shows the relationship of the radio and optical jets to the thermonuclear starburst contents of the galaxy. Sequentially, the particle jets happen first, then the particle-laden clouds spread out into orbit around gravity-center main, and the incoming jettisoned particles progressively fill the rotating sphere of galaxy space with an ever expanding atmosphere of hydrogen, like a hose jettisoning its contents into a rotating milieu. This creates two planes of motion: jets on the axis of the quasar’s spin and rotation of particle-laden clouds in orbit around the quasar (which the astronomers have identified here as a “supermassive black hole”), which gradually gather as they orbit into nebulae that ignite into the thermonuclear starburst contents of the galaxy we see in the image. Optically, we also see two planes of motion in the galaxy, synchrotron emission of the optical jets on the axis of the quasar’s spin and thermonuclear emission of stars and starburst activity rotating en masse in orbit around the quasar. This sequence explains why the axis of the radio jets is different than the “axis” of the optical region in 3C265. Unlike the other two galaxies that show both an optical jet and orbiting thermonuclear starburst activity, there is no visible optical jet in the 3C265 image, otherwise its emission would be in line with the radio jet because they are simply two component magnitudes of a single composite jet structure. What we do see, however, is the thermonuclear light of the stars orbiting around the quasar. At this early stage of galaxy evolution, the thermonuclear stage of star birth begins regionally in a patchwork fashion wherever local conditions have reached nebular and thermonuclear threshold conditions. That is what accounts for the dwarf satellites of regional starburst activity, which is a temporary condition characteristic of this patchwork stage of galaxy evolution.

To visualize this further, we’re going to need to fill in the missing frames of the evolutionary process, because we need to see the galaxy in motion in order to distinguish the motion of the synchrotron optical jet on the axis of the quasar’s spin from the orbital motion of the thermonuclear starburst activity around gravity center-main. With the aid of our Consciousness Vision, let’s begin by examining what we see as Radio Galaxy 3C265 [LEFT] comes to life. The “bright central compact structure” is a quasar surrounded by an orbiting plasma torus that is further surrounded by a thermonuclear maelstrom characteristic of AGNs. Focusing at galaxy center, we see the brilliant quasar spinning, plus the plasma torus spinning around its equatorial plane. Out of the opposite poles of the quasar, we see radio jets blasting particles outward on the axis of the quasar’s spin, and unlike the galaxies [CENTER] and [RIGHT], galaxy 3C265 has no visible optical jet, because we can see that the radio jets in the blackness have no visible optical component. At radio wavelengths, we can envision the radio jets pouring themselves into expanding radio clouds in the blackness. At optical wavelengths, we can see that the two “dwarf satellite galaxies” at the upper left edge of the galaxy, and the other bright areas of thermonuclear starburst activity and haze of globular clusters in the background, are all orbiting around gravity center-main independently of the jet motion coming from the opposite poles of the quasar. Now let’s rewind galaxy evolution frame-by-frame and watch the process at both optical and radio wavelengths to see what happens when time moves in reverse. As we rewind evolutionary time, so that the particle jets reverse direction and begin flowing their particle mass back inside the quasar where they were formed, we see two optical transformations happening in the galaxy simultaneously: 1) the space of the galaxy is beginning to darken because all the thermonuclear light from nuclear fusion in the stars is going out; 2) the quasar is increasing in brilliance because its light is no longer being absorbed and masked by the massive amounts of stars and dust that are formed by the thermonuclear AGN maelstrom at galaxy center. Focusing on the fate of the two dwarf satellite “galaxies” at the upper left edge as galaxy time moves backwards, we see the dwarf satellites orbiting clockwise toward the axis line of the radio jets, and as these satellites of starburst activity orbit back to where they came from, we see that their thermonuclear optical light is gradually going out, and they are turning into optically dark radio clouds, and like whiffs and whirls and curls of smoke, these two puffs of radio clouds are disappearing into the radio jet like being sucked into a straw; and as we continue to watch, the particulate mass of the entire galaxy is rotating toward the axis line of the jets and disappearing into the straw until there is nothing left but a naked quasar burning a thousand times brighter than it was when it was surrounded by the equatorial torus and the mass of galaxy stars and dust.

As I reflect on this imagery, I see a direct relationship between the radio structure of the galaxy as nuclear fuel and the optical structure of the galaxy that results from thermonuclear fusion in the stars, a direct relationship that precisely maps the evolutionary migration and transformation of Hydrogen into Stars. Hydrogen and electrons are produced by the ongoing Big-Bang process in the quasar. Hydrogen protons and synchrotron electrons are visible at radio wavelengths in the radio jets and radio clouds, and neutral hydrogen atoms are visible at 21-centimeter radio wavelength. The radio structure of the galaxy reflects the proportional presence of hydrogen, providing a measure of its form and amount and spatial distribution. Hydrogen is consumed by thermonuclear fusion into helium, resulting in the optical light of the stars. This process of star formation consumes the radio structure of the galaxy, because the radio energy and particles of the radio structure consist largely of hydrogen. Therefore, the intensity and spatial extent of radio emission in a radio galaxy is a function of how much hydrogenous radio-emitting particles are being produced by the ongoing Big-Bang process in the quasar, the products of which are being visibly pumped into the space of the galaxy by the radio jets, versus how much hydrogen is being consumed by thermonuclear fusion in the stars. In other words, there is an equilibrium between hydrogen production and hydrogen consumption that results in the relative radio loudness of each radio galaxy.

This equilibrium is analogous to a faucet and a drain in a sink, where the faucet is the radio jet, the drain is the stars, and the sink is the space of the galaxy into which the radio-emitting particles from the ongoing Big-Bang continuously pour into the gravitational grip of galaxy space, where they gather into radio-emitting nebulous whirls that drain into the Stars. In the beginning of quasar and galaxy evolution, the supply of hydrogen through the jets is far greater than demand. Then thermonuclear consumption of hydrogen into helium increases in proportion to starburst formation, consuming the radio-emitting hydrogen fuel in the furnace of the stars. Thereby the radio-emitting hydrogen level in the galaxy correspondingly decreases until a new equilibrium is established, wherefrom the total galaxy level of radio-emitting hydrogen regions is collectively rising and falling by the simple formula of quasar radio-jet supply and stellar nuclear-fusion consumption. Beyond the gravitational grip of galaxy space, as we saw in the spectacular radio plumes flooding around Galaxy M87, astronomical amounts of radio-emitting clouds are jettisoning and flooding into intergalactic space continuously for hundreds of millions of years, spilling over and thereby forming the enormous HI Regions of atomic hydrogen that have been observed by science scattered throughout intergalactic space, all of which have been formed by the very same process. Hydrogen spillover! Some of the jettisoned radio clouds of hydrogen are captured by the powerful gravitational force of galaxy center-main—and some are not. The hydrogen that is captured within the main sphere of galaxy gravity forms the stars and globular clusters that becomes an irregular blue dwarf galaxy that gradually grows in size and spreads in elliptical shape all the way from E0 to E7. Some of the jettisoned clouds of hydrogen escape from the cohesion of star formation around gravity center-main, and gravitationally segregate themselves into orbiting satellites of hydrogen regions that collapse upon themselves in the form of separate star-forming irregular galaxies, which is how the Magellanic Clouds both large and small and other irregular satellite galaxies in the universe were formed that don’t have a supermassive black hole center.

 In summary, in the light of the Quasar being the site of Ongoing “Big-Bang” Nucleosynthesis of Hydrogen, the entire process and mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution can be defined and mapped in detail within the present visible Cosmosphere surrounding Planet Earth.

Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory by Paul Hollister, M.D. Copyright 2004

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Copyright © 2004 Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory by Paul Hollister, M.D.