Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified
Scientific Theory
by Paul Hollister, M.D.
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Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified
Scientific Theory
by Paul Hollister, M.D.
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Chapter 15 – Spectrum of Magnitudes Map of Space: Spectrum of Forces and Interactions The 4 Spatial Dimensions of Earth In the first part of this treatise, we explored Outer Space to the furthest limits of our vision. We are now going to turn 180º on the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension and plunge inward into the vast and formidable depths of inner space. In order to remain oriented at all times, we will begin our exploration from the surface of macroscopic planet Earth. If we look at the structure of the Earth through the eyes of a geologist, and like a surgeon we slice our way into the center and core of its substance, our planet appears solidly 3-dimensional and has five layers: the gaseous atmosphere, the liquid hydrosphere, the largely solid lithosphere, mantle, and core. And each layer of the Earth is geophysically visible and measurable as we slice our way from outside inward: the gaseous atmosphere has a thickness of about 1100 km; the liquid hydrosphere of ocean covers about 70% of the surface of Earth; the lithosphere, Earth’s rigid crust, extends to a depth of 100 km; the mantle extends to a depth of about 2900 km; the core has an outer molten shell that extends 2225 km further inward to a solid inner iron core which has a radius of about 1275 km. That sums up the height, breadth and depth of our 3-dimensional human macroscopic home of Earth. However, if we look at the structure of the Earth through the eyes of a particle physicist, the familiar macroscopic solidity of our planet starts to look very peculiar—because the Earth is Full of Space! If we look at the Earth through the Eyes of an Atom, realizing that it is a scientific fact that 99.999999999999% of an atom’s volume (nucleus + electron shell) consists of empty space, we can visualize the proportional relationship of Space to Mass inside the atomic-molecular macroscopic “solidity” of the Earth. If we travel further inward on the radial axis of the 4th spatial dimension and look at the Earth through the Eyes of a Neutrino, the smallest known particle of non-zero mass in existence, we can begin to see how enormously vast the Inner Space of Earth really is. Frederick Reines, who was the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1995 for his discovery of the neutrino in 1956, is quoted to have said that the neutrino is “the most tiny quantity of reality ever imagined by a human being.” Perhaps he was thinking of Wolfgang Pauli as he uttered those words, who in 1930 presented to the scientific community what he called a “desperate remedy” to get his mathematical formulations to work without violating the law of conservation of energy, which was the day the neutrino was born as a theoretical entity in the mind of science. As you know, according to the Standard Model of Fundamental Particles and Interactions, all matter consists of leptons and quarks. Of the six leptons, three leptons have electric charge (electron, muon, tau) and three leptons have no charge (electron-neutrino, muon-neutrino, tau-neutrino). Neutrinos are similar to the electron except they do not carry an electric charge, so they are not affected by the electromagnetic force. Electrons have a mass only 0.0005 that of a proton. Experiments have shown that the mass of the neutrino must be less than 0.0004 that of the electron. Neutrinos are affected only by the subatomic weak force, which has a much shorter range of effect than electromagnetism, and are therefore able to pass through great distances in atomic-molecular matter without being affected by it. Neutrinos are, as a matter of fact, so infinitesimally small and act so weakly with matter that most neutrinos pass through the Earth without deviation—pass right through the Earth without interacting with a single atom of it—as if the Earth isn’t even there! Particle physicists, using neutrino detectors, have determined that the Earth receives more that 40 billion solar neutrinos per second per cm2, which means that your body receives about 400,000 billion neutrinos per second from the sun—which go right through your body and into the Earth and through the Earth and out the other side! As neutrinos are the smallest known particles of mass in existence and have no charge, they can only be detected indirectly. When a neutrino collides with a hydrogen nucleus, the interaction creates a positron and neutron and byproducts of interaction which can be detected by particle detectors. As neutrinos are the only particles that can pass through all matter in Earth without deviation, neutrino detectors have been built under the ground and under the sea and deep under the Antarctic ice to filter out other particles so neutrino interactions can be studied, which has led to the science of Neutrino Astronomy. Until recently, neutrinos were thought to be the only fundamental constituent of nature which did not have mass. However, in June 1998 the Super Kamiokande collaboration presented evidence that neutrinos have non-zero mass. The Super Kamiokande experiment has been the most sensitive in the world for monitoring neutrinos from various sources. The Super Kamiokande detector is a 50,000 ton tank of pure water located 1 km underground, under a mountain in a mine in Kamioka-cho, Gifu, Japan. The inside surface of the tank is lined on the bottom, top and sides with 11,146 50-cm diameter Cerenkov light sensitive photo-multiplier tubes which detect the byproducts of neutrino interactions occurring in the water. Since neutrinos cannot be directly detected, Super Kamiokande detects the byproducts of their interaction inside the water volume of the detector. Atmospheric neutrinos are produced when cosmic-ray particles from outer space collide with the Earth’s atmosphere, producing a spray of secondary particles including electron-neutrinos and muon-neutrinos. Neutrinos produced in the atmosphere arrive at the detector from distances of about 40 km (if produced in the atmosphere above the mountain) to 12,000 km (if produced on the other side of the Earth). Neutrinos produced on the opposite side of the Earth pass all the way through the Earth and arrive at the detector from below. Although neutrinos interact at best only one time over one billion in the huge apparatus designed to detect them, those interactions can be precisely measured. At the Super Kamiokande detector, physicists measured neutrino oscillations for the first time. Furthermore, and most importantly, they were able to measure the difference in mass between two neutrino types by determining that a muon-neutrino oscillated into a tau-neutrino and demonstrating that there was a small difference in mass between them, which means: Neutrinos have Mass! With the discovery of neutrino mass, it now appears that mass is a property common to all matter, which in itself is viewed by scientists as a highly significant discovery. The presence of neutrino mass has enormous ramifications relative to the dark matter mystery of the universe. Ninety percent of the gravitational force in the universe is the result of dark matter that is scientifically invisible, which means that the entire visible physical universe (stars and galaxies and superclusters of galaxies) is only a relatively small fraction of a massive universe of dark matter. Neutrinos are known to be one of the most abundant particles in the universe, so abundant in terms of particle numbers in space that it appears that a large fraction of the universe consists of neutrinos. Scientists have suggested that neutrinos may be a possible source of the dark matter gravitational force observed in distant galaxies, but this consideration only becomes possible if neutrinos have mass. With the discovery of neutrino mass, it appears we are launching beyond the boundary of the Standard Model of Fundamental Particles and Interactions into the vast unknown Universe of Dark Matter of which the Cosmos is made. Have we reached the irreducible end of the Particle Universe or are we just at the edge of a whole new universe in a whole new dimension of reality? From the Spectrum of Magnitudes frame of reference, wherein every Magnitude of Mass in the universe from galaxies to stars to atoms consists of a composite of component parts in the 4th spatial dimension, the fact that neutrinos oscillate from one form into another neutrino form appears to be clear scientific evidence that each neutrino is a composite composed of component parts. Otherwise, the neutrinos would not be able to change their mass and form. Where does it all end? Have we reached the Edge of the Universe yet? The heaviest neutrino is estimated to have a mass of about one billionth the mass of a proton, a billion times smaller than the nucleus of the smallest atom hydrogen. When we bring our mind’s eye down to the surface of the nucleus of a hydrogen atom in a molecular structure located anywhere inside the Earth, as if we are standing on the surface of the hydrogen nucleus like we stand on the surface of planet Earth, we find ourselves looking outward into infinite space, an astronomical expanse of interatomic and subatomic space that looks proportionately not unlike the infinite space we see at night between the stars. Through that interatomic space, neutrinos are shooting by unimpeded in all directions—through the Earth’s atmosphere, through the ocean, through the crust, through the mantle, through the core, through the entire diameter of the Earth and out into “outer space” on the other side—without hitting the nucleus of any atom, because only 1 in 10 billion neutrinos traveling through matter equal to the Earth’s diameter reacts with an atomic nucleus. That is how vast the interatomic space of Earth actually is. How do we get oriented in all this space?
The Sphere of Earth above represents the Composite and Component Structure of the Earth arrayed in 4 spatial dimensions, a 4-dimensional framework that preserves the proportional relationships of Mass to Space within each 3-dimensional magnitude of its structure, between each 3-dimensional Plane of Magnitude in the Spectrum of Magnitudes of Earth. By showing the structure of the Earth arranged and aligned on the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension, we can geometrically represent all magnitudes of the Earth’s structure and show the relationships of its macroscopic and atomic-molecular structure to its vast regions of interatomic, subatomic and non-atomic space that collectively comprise the Inner Space of Earth. The wedge section in the illustration shows the full depth of the Sphere of Earth. In the upper half of the wedge, all Magnitudes of Mass within the Sphere of Earth are aligned and arrayed radially on infinite axes of the 4th spatial dimension. In the lower half of the wedge, the Spectrum of Magnitudes within a single macroscopic object on or in the Earth, such as a human being or stone in hand, is plotted linearly on the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension. The photograph line of Macroscopic Surface of Earth in the illustration corresponds to the entire 3-dimensional geophysical structure of Earth described above (gaseous cloud atmosphere, liquid hydrosphere, lithosphere, mantle, core), including everything that can be seen by the unaided physical eye. Inside the Macroscopic Surface, which is but the 3-dimensional surface skin of the 4th spatial dimension, each of the Earth’s 3-dimensional layers of magnitude (Spectrum of Magnitudes) are aligned inside each other according to Magnitude of Mass just as it is in physical existence, from visible macroscopic magnitude to molecular structure to atoms to quarks and to the non-atomic particles that are not part of the atomic-molecular structure of Earth, such as the neutrinos. The Outer Space and Inner Space of the Universe This Universe consists of 4 Spatial Dimensions! Every structure in the universe—galaxies, stars, molecules and every atom therein—consists of 4 spatial dimensions. The Earth, including each human being, consists of 4 spatial dimensions. Whatever is visible to the human physical eye, which is the Macroscopic Line of Magnitude in the Spectrum of Magnitudes, is through-and-through only the surface of its structural nature and depth, only the 3-dimensional surface of its 4th dimensional depth. To see this clearly, both individually and as a species, requires a major adjustment in the way we see and think.
According to the original Big
Bang Theory, all Space and Time and Mass and Energy, including all the subatomic
particles in existence, were formed in one unbelievable—s-e-c-o-n-d—15 to 20
billion years ago. That kind of magic does not have to happen with the Big-Bang
being located and ongoing at the center of each galaxy. The Big Bang has to
create the hydrogen atom The question is no longer whether or not there is a Pre-Bang Universe. There has to be a Pre-Bang Universe! Because the supermassive density of the original Big Bang could not have come into existence from Nothing! So the question becomes, What is the Pre-Bang Universe? What is the Pre-Bang Universe made of and where is the delimiting edge and dividing line that separates the Pre-Bang Universe from the atomic-molecular Physical Universe to which it gave rise? We now have before us two Universes of astronomically different mass magnitudes in evidence in the Cosmos: a Pre-Bang Universe and a Post-Bang Universe, the Universe of Energy and Particles that gave rise to the supermassive density of the Big-Bang and atomic-molecular Physical Universe that resulted from the Big-Bang. Where are these Universes? What separates these Universes? What interconnects these Universes?
As there is clear physical evidence of active ongoing Big-Bang
process in the center of galaxies throughout the visible universe, these two
universes must coexist throughout the space of the surrounding visible Cosmos.
These questions can therefore be answered by examining the arrangement and
following the alignment of the Spectrum of Magnitudes on the inside-outside axis
of the 4th spatial dimension beyond the magnitude of the atom,
because the atomic nucleus of hydrogen is the defining structural limit of the
atomic-molecular Post-Bang Physical Universe. The relationship between the
Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universe should therefore be definable everywhere within
the surrounding universe, including within the Milky Way Galaxy and the Sphere
of Earth.
Surprise, Surprise, Surprise? The Cosmos is a Mandala. an—E-X-P-A-N-D-A-B-L-E—mandala The Sphere of Cosmos in the 4th Spatial Dimension on the frontispiece of this treatise is the blueprint of the Cosmos. Everywhere I look, from galaxies to stars to atoms to particles, the accuracy of this geometry has been a landslide of fit. This geometry is truly the Book of the Cosmos. Wherever the magnifying glass of science passes over the 3-dimensional pages of Existence, the 4-spatial dimensional structure of the Universe opens and expands on each Page of Space to meet the 3-dimensional constraints of the human physical eye. As the Sphere of Cosmos in the 4th Spatial Dimension corresponds precisely in dimensional terms with the structure of the universe the way it actually is, it can be manipulated geometrically in a number of ways in order to cone in on any sector at any magnitude or any range of magnitudes without losing the conceptual, contextual and geometrical spatial interrelationships between the component parts and the composite whole. In geometrical terms, and corresponding logarithmic and exponential mathematical terms, the Lines of Magnitude within any defined composite range of magnitudes can be expanded or contracted to bring the desired magnitude into view without losing sight of the precise relationship of the parts to the whole. As this is a universal geometry that applies anywhere in the Cosmos, any Point, Line, Sector or Sphere of Magnitude in the Universe can be isolated and framed so that its Composite and Component parts can be constructed from available scientific data to form a reliable theoretical working model. The focal flexibility of this model will be exemplified by an analysis of the 4-dimensional Composite and Component structure of the Sphere of Earth. In the next chapters, the expandability of the model will then be exemplified by an analysis of the Composite and Component structure of a Representative Homogeneous Sample of Physical Universe that contains both the Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universe within a 4th spatial dimensional Radius of Universe that exists as a definable unit within the surrounding visible universe. The Spectrum of Magnitudes and Forces diagram above represents the Sphere of Cosmos in the 4th Spatial Dimension plotted radially on an inside-outside axis from the geometrical center of Planet Earth, which layers the 3-dimensional magnitudes of the universe from outside inward the way we experience it with our macroscopic physical vision and visual instruments, aligned from the Magnitude of Stars to Macroscopic Magnitude to Molecules to Atoms to Particles. The geometry above represents a meridional cross-section of the Earth through its axis of rotation. If this cross-section diagram is rotated on its axis into a Sphere, the 3-dimensional Macroscopic Planet Earth (Macroscopic Line in the Spectrum of Magnitudes) will have the same appearance on its outer surface as the photographic image from outer space in the wedge diagram of the 4-Spatial Dimensions of Earth a few pages back. To realize how this geometry of the 4-dimensional structure of Planet Earth and surrounding Space corresponds to our 3-dimensional sense-organ experience of Earth and surrounding Space, you have to look at this geometry through two sets of eyes: through the capacity of your Consciousness Vision (Mental Imagery) and through the experience of your Physical Vision (Locus of Visual Experience). As you look up from the surface of Macroscopic Planet Earth (Locus of Visual Experience), you see a measurable angle of the Solar System and constellations of stars in Outer Space. Sky views from the surface of Macroscopic Planet Earth have been assembled into astronomy maps that show the precise location of the planets in the solar system and constellations of stars surrounding Earth, which geometrically correspond to the solar system and stars being plotted on an inside-outside axes from the geometrical center of planet Earth, and correspond to the macroscopic Locus of Vision of a human being at any point on the surface of planet Earth. In this geometrical diagram, you are a dot on the 3-dimensional Macroscopic Line of Magnitude, a dot on the surface of Macroscopic Planet Earth. Look around you. Shift out of your mind into your sense-organ experience. What do you see? (Locus of Visual Experience) What you see is a measurable sector of the surface of Macroscopic Planet Earth. What you are, however, is far more than what you can see, because you are composed of the substance of the Earth. You are a sector of the substance of the Earth and you contain the entire 4-spatial dimensional depth of the Earth: from macroscopic magnitude to molecular structure to atoms to atomic nuclei to subatomic particles and the space in and between and beyond, which is the Inner Space of your body and self as well as the Inner Space of Earth. Does that surprise you? I hope not. Otherwise you may not realize how inseparably connected you are to the Cosmos and all that is within you and around you, which will make it difficult to realize the profound significance of the Macrocosmic and Microcosmic perspectives of this theory, and the far reaching ramifications of collective human Experience as well as collective human Knowledge as reliable scientific measures of this Spectrum of Magnitudes, because the Perspective of Knowledge and the Perspective of Experience are simply two views of one and the same interrelated whole, the Cosmos around and within us. As a human point-like spot on the surface of Macroscopic Planet Earth (Locus of Experience), if you look inward through a microscope, you can see layers upon layers of 3-dimensional structure, layers within layers of structure consisting of smaller and smaller Magnitudes of Mass in Space. Each and every one of these 3-dimensional Layers of Magnitude exists within its own respective Magnitude of Space that extends in uninterrupted expanse throughout the entire Sphere of Earth, as I described and geometrically illustrated earlier in this treatise (Chapter 3 Geometrical Formulation of 4th Spatial Dimension) under the heading Space-Mass Magnitude Graph on Axis of 4th Spatial Dimension. At a human point-like spot in time on Macroscopic Planet Earth, you can look through the eyes of history as Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines gave their colleagues a carefully wrapped empty box to celebrate their original experimental discovery of the neutrino. Inside the box placed in your hand, you would find a card, and on the card you would read a message that was destined to open the eyes of science to a whole new magnitude of scientific reality: “This box is guaranteed to contain 100 neutrinos.” At a point-like spot on Macroscopic Planet Earth called Hamburg, Germany, you can look through the largest microscope in the world, the Hadron-Electron Ring Accelerator (HERA)—at a mind-shattering view—into the inner space of the proton, where particles like bullets (electrons/positrons) are shot into particles like pumpkins (protons) and are bouncing off particles like pumpkin seeds (quarks) and scattering the composite proton’s component particle parts into particle detectors. In the HERA’s 6.3 km circular accelerator tunnel, beams of protons and electrons (or positrons) are accelerated in opposite directions around the accelerator ring and steered to collide with each other at fixed interaction points where the products of collision are detected and identified. The energy of these collisions is enough to “see” particles 1000 times smaller than a proton. The reason this is—mind shattering—is because the data from these collisions, in which particle physicists have found more deep inelastic scattering events than expected, raises the possibility that quarks may be composed of even smaller fundamental particles. Will wonders never cease? Until Joseph Thomson demonstrated the existence of the electron in 1897, the atom was viewed by the scientific world as an irreducible fundamental particle. At the close of the 20th century, the quark was viewed according to the Standard Model of Fundamental Particles and Interactions as an irreducible fundamental particle. Where does this Mystery of Mass end? Or does it End in the linear sense of the word at all? It is like we keep coming to an Edge rather than an End, because with each step of scientific vision inward we discover that the irreducible end-Point keeps turning into another Horizon of Magnitude, an outer Horizon of Sphere wherein smaller and smaller magnitudes of denser and denser mass keep appearing in larger and larger vistas of Inner Space, filled with interacting Points of Magnitude that turn into Composite Points containing Component Parts that all have Mass. Do you think the End point is in Sight? I think we are just beginning. Spectrum of Forces and Interactions The Spectrum of Magnitudes in the 4th Spatial Dimension is a fundamental blueprint of the Cosmos, a universal geometry that applies to all Magnitudes of Mass in Existence. Not only do all known Magnitudes of Mass—from galaxies to stars to atoms to particles—align on the linear and radial axes of the 4th spatial dimension, but so too do all known Magnitudes of Force—Gravity, Electromagnetic, Strong Force, Weak Force—and their corresponding interactions align on the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension. The Earth is held in orbit around the Sun and all macroscopic magnitudes of atomic-molecular mass within the Earth are layered and bound together inwardly by the Force of Gravity; hence the oceans don’t float up en masse into the sky. Electrons are held in orbit around the atomic nucleus and all atomic-molecular magnitudes of mass are bound together by the Electromagnetic Force. Atomic nuclei are bound together by the nuclear Strong Force. Subatomic Particles interact by means of the Weak Force. All of these forces align in an overlapping continuum on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension. The nuclear strong force is greater than the electromagnetic force which is greater than the force of gravity. The force of gravity is strongest at the planetary and stellar Line of Magnitude and decreases in proportion to Magnitude of Mass on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension from Stars to Atoms to Particles—from solar system, to the specific gravity layers of molecular magnitude around and on and in the Earth, to atoms, to particles. However, even though the force of gravity is viewed as relatively weaker at the atomic level than the electromagnetic force and nuclear strong force, it is the force of gravity that forms the stars from nebulous clouds of neutral hydrogen molecules and atoms, and that overcomes the repulsive electromagnetic force of positively charged hydrogen ions until they reach the thermonuclear threshold of nuclear fusion, and that holds the star together in the presence of strong force release in thermonuclear explosion, which is a measure of the overlapping relationships between these forces. On the other hand, the residual strong force between the quarks in one proton and the quarks in another proton is said to be strong enough to overwhelm the repulsive electromagnetic force of the positively charged protons. As I look at this geometry of mass and force in the 4th spatial dimension, it causes me to wonder. I find it interesting that the force of gravity and nuclear strong force are both acting in concert in the same inward direction on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension. As stars and planets are bound together by the force of gravity, and as stars and planets are made of atoms in which the nucleus is bound and fused together by the nuclear strong force, and as the direction of these forces are both directed inward on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension, it raises the possibility that there is a proportional quantum relationship between the residual nuclear strong force and the force of gravity on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension. Wouldn’t it be interesting if gravity was simply the sum of the residual nuclear strong force from each atom contained in a gravitational mass, just as the mass of the planets and stars are each the sum of their collective atomic mass? That would be a daunting experimental task, counting all the atoms in the sun and earth and calculating the sum of their respective residual atomic nuclear force to see if it equals their respective force of gravity. There must be an easier way. Perhaps it has already been done. If we hold a stone in the palm of our hand as we stand on the rolling Earth in the dawn of the rising Sun, we can see how all the Magnitudes of Mass and Force are aligned on the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension, and how this Spectrum of Forces that binds mass together is interwoven and corresponds Point to Point and Layer to Layer and Sphere to Sphere with the Spectrum of Magnitudes in the 4th Spatial Dimension. The Earth is bound to the rising Sun (Stellar Magnitude) and the stone is heavy in our hand due to the Force of Gravity. The visible surface of the stone (Macroscopic Magnitude), which is the Outer Surface of the atomic-molecular substance and structure of the stone (Molecular Magnitude), as well as the substance and structure of our hand and eyes and body and the ground under our feet, are bound together by the Electromagnetic Force—without which the stone and our hand and our eyes and the Earth and the entire Physical Universe would dissolve and disperse and disappear into Space as non-adherent particles of non-atomic mass, because the atom and all the structures in the atomic-molecular physical universe exist simply because protons and electrons have opposite charges bound together by electromagnetic force. Atomic nuclei (Atomic Magnitude) within the substance of the stone are each bound together by the nuclear Strong Force. Subatomic particles (Particle Magnitude) within the stone, including the more than 100 neutrinos that are within the stone at any one instant—even though they are passing through the stone and into our hand and through the Earth at almost the speed of light—are interacting by the Weak Force. All of these magnitudes of mass and force are present and interacting simultaneously in the composite space of the Stone in Hand. Consequently, the geometrical configuration of the Spectrum of Magnitudes and Forces in the 4th Spatial Dimension above can be viewed as either Planet Earth (Stellar Magnitude) as a whole or as an object on or in the earth (Macroscopic Magnitude), such as a stone in hand, which will have considerable relevance when we later examine the 4th spatial dimension within the Microcosm of Man. If the Circumference of a Circle geometrically and mathematically corresponds to the 3-spatial dimensions of the universe, the Radius of the Circle can correspond to a 4th spatial dimension, which was the geometrical basis of Dr. Einstein’s original Space-Time Model of the Universe (Circle of 3-dimensional Space defined by a 4th spatial dimensional Radius extended into a Cylinder of 4th dimension Space-Time), within which the 4th spatial dimensional Radius of the Universe was considered to be a mathematical artifice that was not part of the real world. Throughout the 20th century, as a result, the geometrical models of the universe have been rendered as 3-dimensional surface topographies formulated around a 4th spatial dimensional Radius that has not been considered part of the real world. Hence the entire physical universe has been depicted as confined to the outer surface of these geometrical topographies, within which there is nothing but empty mathematical 4th dimensional space corresponding to the Radius of Universe. These geometrical topographies have been formulated to depict the “expansion” of the universe resulting from the original, single Big Bang and the potential future gravitational “contraction” or collapse of the universe as a function of its total mass and gravitational force. This “expansion” and “contraction” of the universe as a whole (Big Bang expansion—Gravitational contraction) occurs on the axis of the 4th spatial dimensional Radius of the Universe. That is why the entire universe is rendered as the surface of these topographies with nothing inside, because the 4th spatial dimensional Radius has not been viewed as an existent structural part of the universe. This is also why it is said that Space itself is “expanding” such that the physical universe is like the surface of a balloon that is being inflated by Space as a result of the original Big Bang. Although this has made mathematical sense, the expansion of Space coming out of a geometrical Point of Singularity has been intuitively confusing because it is contrary to our physical experience and doesn’t make physical sense. We know for example that Wind is not made of Space. Wind occurs in Space. Wind is the macroscopic motion of atoms and molecules moving within an atomic-molecular atmospheric matrix in Space, the gaseous atmosphere surrounding Earth in Space. Ironically, this notion of expansion of Space itself, which was formulated to explain the red shift of the galaxies, which were back-extrapolated in space to a geometrical Point of Singularity, and thereby to a point of infinite density that contained the entire mass of the physical universe, which gave rise to the original Big Bang theory occurring in a single supermassive point of infinite density, which has become axiomatically believed to be the Point of Origin of the Physical Universe that is responsible for the expansion of the universe and the red shift of the galaxies, is all occurring on the axis of a 4th spatial dimensional Radius of Universe that has been considered by science to be a mathematical artifice that is not part of the real world. And that is why everybody is intuitively confused. Because there is a crack in the logic. Because the physical expansion of Space itself out of a physical Point of Singularity doesn’t make physical sense. The mathematics makes sense but the notion of Space physically exploding and expanding out of a mathematical point of infinite mass density doesn’t make physical sense. Because of Cause Because Space does not move Mass! Mass moves in Space. What we have imposed upon ourselves here is an Article of Faith. The Article of Faith says the entire Space and Mass and Energy of the Physical Universe began from a Point of Singularity. This misunderstanding can be repaired, without harming the genius of mathematical theory it is based on, when it is realized that the 4th spatial dimensional Radius of Universe, and the 4th spatial dimensional radius of each object in the universe, corresponds to the actual physical structure of the universe. Accordingly, the structure and events in the Universe can be accurately viewed on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension in a four-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system: Expansion and Contraction; Explosion and Implosion, which is rapid expansion and contraction; Evolution and Involution, which is gradual stepwise expansion and contraction in the cycle of time, all occur on the radial axis of the 4th spatial dimension. These moment to moment physical events on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension become layered into visible physical structure that is in evidence around us. Hence there are rings in trees; helical spirals in the shells of growing creatures; biological wholes that gradually expand from inside outward, phylogenetically as species and embryologically as individuals, from a single cell to blastula to the fully enfolded form of each creature and human being. And the Universe as a whole is no different. Layers upon Layers of Magnitude evolve from inside outward, from Particles to Atoms to Stars to this remarkable evolutionary march of Molecular Mass that has culminated in the evolution of the Spiral Galaxy, and all that is happening on this tiny little 4-dimensional Sphere of Existence known as Planet Earth. Tunnel of Magnitudes and Forces in the 4th Spatial Dimension The 4-Dimensional Sphere of Earth Model (Spectrum of Magnitudes plotted radially on inside-outside axis of 4th spatial dimension from the geometrical center of the Earth) can help the uninitiated to be oriented in the 4th spatial dimension because the Macroscopic Surface of Earth corresponds in every respect to our experience on Earth, to our locus of day-to-day sense-organ experience on the surface of Macroscopic Planet Earth and our customary experience of the Universe through 3-dimensional physical vision. When we look up, we see the stars in outer space. When we look inward through a microscope and instruments of scientific vision, we see 3-dimensional magnitudes of physical structure, layers within layers of 3-dimensional structure that are invisible to our physical eyes, such as the cells of our body, molecules of our body, atoms of our body, quarks and leptons of our body, and the neutrinos that are passing through the inner space of our body at this very moment. If you look at the geometrical diagram of the Spectrum of Magnitudes and Forces, it should become evident that we can look at and visually experience the 4-dimensional structure of the Earth in different ways: as a Sphere, as a Cone, as a Tunnel. From Outer Space, such as in the Apollo mission photograph of Planet Earth, we see Macroscopic Planet Earth as a Sphere. From where we are on the surface of Planet Earth, when we look inward through a microscope—through a light microscope, an electron microscope, a surface-scanning electron microscope, a surface-penetrating tunneling electron microscope, a particle accelerator “microscope”, the HERA proton-penetrating “microscope”—we are looking into a Cone of Depth. On the surface of Macroscopic Planet Earth, your physical eye is at the base of the Cone looking inward toward the apex. This Cone extends all the way through the atomic-molecular Physical Universe—from macroscopic to microscopic to molecular to atomic to subatomic magnitudes and beyond—on the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension. If we move as a Point of Vision inward through the Cone, the Cone of Magnitudes becomes a Tunnel of Magnitudes and Forces that extends from Outer Space to Inner Space of Earth. If you look at the geometrical diagram of the Spectrum of Magnitudes and Forces in the 4th Spatial Dimension alternately in 3- and 4-spatial dimensions, alternately as a Whole and a Hole, alternately as Spheres within Spheres and then as a Tunnel through Horizons of Spherical Magnitude, and shift your Locus of Vision—from Outer Space—to the surface of Macroscopic Planet Earth—to inside the Inner Space of Earth—you can begin to see how optical illusion is a natural consequence of 3-dimensional vision in the 4 spatial dimensions of the Universe. From a Locus of Vision in Outer Space, the Earth is a Sphere, consisting of 3-dimensional Spheres within Spheres within Spheres of Magnitude that each fill the entire Sphere of Earth to the full simultaneously. From a Locus of Vision on the surface of Macroscopic Planet Earth, the Earth appears to be Flat. The Macroscopic Surface of Earth appears to be a flat Plane, which is the base of a structural Cone of Depth that extends from the outermost reaches of atomic-molecular evolution on the Macroscopic Surface of Earth inward to beyond the innermost limit of atomic-molecular physical existence: a Cone of Magnitudes that extends from Macroscopic Surface inward to and beyond the nucleus of the Atom, the innermost limit of the atomic-molecular Physical Universe. From a Locus of Vision on the surface of Macroscopic Planet Earth looking inward into the Cone of Magnitudes from base toward apex, as if looking inward through a microscope, we see 3-dimensional focal Planes of Magnitude aligned on an inside-outside axis in layers of decreasing size from macroscopic to molecular to atomic to subatomic Magnitudes of Mass. As a point-like Locus of Vision that moves from the surface of Macroscopic Planet Earth inward through the Planes of Magnitude in the Cone of Magnitudes toward an apex in Inner Space (Point of Vision moving from the Earth’s macroscopic surface in Outer Space to beyond the innermost limits of the Earth’s atomic structure in Inner Space), the Cone becomes a Tunnel of Magnitudes and Forces in the 4th Spatial Dimension. To see that the 4th spatial dimension of depth corresponds to a definable Line of Sight, one must realize that Magnification and Magnitude are not the same thing. Magnification is a function of Vision. Magnitude is a function of Existence. Although every scientist can readily see the sectorial relationship of a Cone to a Sphere, of the Cone of Magnitudes to the Sphere of Magnitude in the 4th spatial dimension, I think the transformation from conical to cylindrical view, the transformation of the concentric Cone of Magnitudes to the space-warp Tunnel of Magnitudes in the 4th Spatial Dimension may be more easily visualized by a mathematician than most other scientists, because most physical scientists are conceptually locked in locus to the sockets of their physical eyes. In other words, in terms of size and distance, by-and-large and far-and-small, everything on and in the macroscopic, microscopic and submicroscopic universe is looked at and measured relative to the macroscopic magnitude of human physical vision on the surface of planet Earth, because that is how size and distance measurements are standardized in the Metric System.
Metric system is a decimal
system of units based on the meter as unit of length, kilogram as unit of mass,
second as unit of time. These are arbitrary units of measurement defined by
international agreement The Universe consists of 4-spatial dimensions; however, Vision itself is a 3-dimensional system. Consequently, we are always experiencing a 4-dimensional universe through 3-dimensional vision. As a result, individually and as a species, human beings do not see the 4th spatial dimension that is all around and within us. Please forgive me if I repeat and repeat and repeat this fundamental fact, but I think this realization needs to be ignited in the mind like a dis-blinding torchlight, because the transition of our Universe from 3 ordinary spatial dimensions to 4 ordinary spatial dimensions is an existential paradigm shift that takes some getting used to. In a very real way, this transition can be likened to waking up from a 3-dimensional dream and experiencing our senses surfacing into an entirely different world of physical consciousness, as our physical eyes open to a grand new morning on Earth again. In the past, 500 years ago when the Earth was clearly flat (2-dimensional), it made sense to wonder about the Edge and End of the Universe because that question spoke to everyone’s physical senses and accepted views of the time: the Earth was flat and had an Edge which was the End of the Universe, beyond which you would fall off into nothing. At the close of the 20th century, when the Earth was as solid as the ground we stand on and clearly round (3-dimensional), once again it made sense to wonder about the Edge and End of the Universe because the universe had become a single sheet of Space-Time that ended at a geometrical Point of Singularity 15 to 20 billion light-years away, where everything falls into nothing. Now, in the dawn of our new millennium, as collective human consciousness begins to realize that the Earth is a 3-dimensional sphere that has a 4th spatial dimension of depth (4-dimensional), the relative meaning of the simplest words—like what the Earth is, like what a Human Being is—has to be reconsidered and redefined anew in the light of this 4th spatial dimension, because the realization of this added spatial dimension makes the Earth and all that is on and in it far more deeply dimensional than simply solid. For example, so vastly existent is this 4th spatial dimension of depth within our physical bodies that our organic physical eyes are literally anatomically locked by sockets in an outward direction at the macroscopic surface of a bottomless depth that actually exists inside us. The realization that this 4th spatial dimension of depth exists through-in and through-out the universe and everything in it, including Planet Earth and each and every one of us, is going to require a radical reformation in the way we think, because we as a species are finally breaking beyond the 3-dimensional barrier of organic physical vision and can begin to see and experience the 4-Dimensional Composite and Component Structural Nature of Existence the way it actually is!
The photo illustration entitled The Four Spatial Dimensions of Earth and the diagram of the Spectrum of Magnitudes and Forces of Planet Earth are two views of the same geometry, because both are plotted from the geometrical center of Earth using the same Points of Magnitude aligned on the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension in a four-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. Although the former visually emphasizes the 3-dimensional Sphere structure of the Earth, and the latter emphasizes the 4th dimensional Tunnel of Magnitudes inside the Earth, the Sphere of Macroscopic Surface of Earth in the former and the Line of Macroscopic Planet Earth in the latter are identical and correspond to the ground we stand on and the macroscopic magnitude of universe we see with our physical eyes. As an axis in a coordinate system, the 4th spatial dimension as a purely spatial axis is no different in geometrical terms than the axes of the other three spatial dimensions, because each axis is at 90º angles to the other three axes. This was illustrated in Chapter 2 as the 4-dimensional geometry of an elongated sphere, a sphere elongated on the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension. Vision itself however is a 3-dimensional system. Therefore, in order to realize that the axis of the 4th spatial dimension corresponds to a Line of Sight in space that we actually see, we need to reframe the 4-spatial dimensions of the universe into a four-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system that is plotted on three axes, which will duplicate our 3-dimensional visual experience.
The Cones of Vision that I am
about to describe correspond to a conical section of the figures entitled The 4
Spatial Dimensions of Earth and The Spectrum of Magnitudes of Planet Earth.
Outer Space and Inner Space here are relative to the Macroscopic Surface of
planet Earth. Imagine that you are sitting outside at night at a small desk in front of a microscope on the surface of planet Earth under the Stars. If you look up at the stars at night, the tiny stars appear to be arrayed on a flat sheet of sky; hence astronomy maps accurately plot the constellations of stars we see on 2-dimensional sheets of paper. If you look at the surface of our imaginary desk in the lamp light, you see a 2-dimensional surface of macroscopic Earth that conveniently measures 1 meter square, corresponding to the international standard of measure (1 meter). In your hand, you hold a glass microscope slide upon which is a thin section of human tissue. With the unaided eye you are able to see the 2-dimensional surface of this 3-dimensional section of tissue that measures 1 centimeter wide (1-2 meter). From your macroscopic locus on the surface of planet Earth, as you look inward through the microscope into the depth of this 3-dimensional section of tissue, you see a flat focal plane of cellular structure. By adjusting the focus knob on the microscope, you move the 2-dimensional focal plane up and down through the 3-dimensional layer of tissue spanning a visible area under the microscope that measures 1 millimeter wide (10-3 meter). By changing the microscope objective to a higher magnification, you bring another 3-dimensional magnitude into focal range and the surface of a single cell comes into view (10-5 meter). And with an electron microscope, you could look inside the cell and bring the surface of a subcellular organelle such as a mitochondria into measurable view (10-6 meter). And although it is beyond your range of vision, you know that inside those visible molecular structures there are atoms you can’t see (10-10 meter), and quarks and electrons you can’t see (10-18 meter). This is a Cone of Vision that extends from the visible magnitude of the stars at night to your Locus of Vision on the surface of planet Earth to inside a single cell to the furthest reach of scientific vision into the inner structure of the Physical Universe. In the four-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system defined above, the Radius of this Cone corresponds to the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension, and each Plane of Vision corresponds to a 3-dimensional Plane of Magnitude in Space. This represents both a Cone of Vision, which corresponds to our visual experience, and a Cone of Magnitudes, which corresponds to actual relative physical magnitudes in the 4th dimension of Space. As a human Cone of Vision (Cone of Experience), the visible stars look small, the macroscopic surface of Earth looks large, and the cells and atoms look small, relative to Macroscopic Earth. As a Cone of Magnitudes (Cone of Existence), the stars are measurably large and the atoms measurably small relative to your locus and the 1-meter standard of measure on the surface of Macroscopic Earth. Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory by Paul Hollister, M.D. Copyright 2004 |
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