Unit of Pattern and Marginal Line between Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universes 

In 1785 Wilhelm Herschel published his theory that we inhabit a nebula common in appearance to many others, which he concluded must be external to our own. This was the first notion of the existence of galaxies, though the term destined to describe that unit of pattern would not take shape in the mind of man until its composite appearance was brought within the reach of telescopic sight. The world had to wait until the 1920’s before Edwin Hubble definitely established the extragalactic nature of nebulae. As telescopic power increased, the number of nebulae increased from 722,000 in 1918 to 60 million by Hubble’s count in 1936. When George Abell published his first Catalog of Clusters of Galaxies in 1958 and reported the first list of 17 superclusters of galaxies in 1962, demonstrating clusters of clusters in 3 dimensions, astronomers began to look at galaxies as a population rather than individual objects, and galaxy clustering became a main subject of research in extragalactic astrophysics. Since that time astrophysicists have identified and mapped the superclusters of galaxies in great detail, performing northern and southern cluster surveys, mapping the large scale structure of clusters in 3 dimensions, and examining and classifying the clusters according to their galaxy morphology content. In the 1980’s, when wide-angle galaxy redshift surveys began to see larger sample volumes of the universe, galaxy distribution was described as frothy, characterized by large filamentary superclusters and corresponding large voids of space devoid of galaxies.

The image at right by Geller et al. shows the large-scale structure in the universe in the northern and southern galactic hemispheres. Each of the 9,325 points in the image represents a galaxy. The arcs forming the northern and southern boundaries of this plot are located about 400 million light-years from the Sun. The dark regions to the east and west are obscured by the plane of the Milky Way. A “Great Wall” containing thousands of galaxies stretches nearly horizontally across the entire northern (upper) portion of the surveyed region. A similar Southern Wall runs diagonally across the southern region. These walls delineate giant voids containing few if any galaxies. These voids are typically 150 million light-years in diameter. (Credits: Geller M.J., Huchra J.P., da Costa, L. A.,  Falco E. E., Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics).

Within the visible universe as a whole, this image shows the relatively nearby supercluster structure around giant voids of space. Further outward the pattern continues. Within 1 billion light-years there are approximately 3 billion large galaxies and 30 billion dwarf galaxies, and the patterned presence of superclusters and voids of space extends outward to the farthest reach of telescopic vision.

In 1983 Einasto J. et al. described the universe as having an irregular cellular structure and pointed out that the Large Scale Structure of the Universe resembles cells, the cells being the empty or nearly empty voids of space and the superclusters being flat filamentary structures serving as interstices of matter between the voids. The galaxies and galaxy clusters were described as concentrated toward cell walls, whereas the spatial density of galaxies inside the cell walls is very low. Superclusters were described as exhibiting a pronounced filamentary structure, and it was suggested by Einasto and subsequently clearly confirmed that such filaments are the primary structure in all superclusters. (Einasto J. 1983; Einasto M. et al. 1997). Nature published their evidence for periodicity within the three-dimensional network of rich superclusters and voids, wherein Einasato concluded that “there must exist some hitherto unknown process that produces this regular structure on large scales” (Einasto J. et al. 1997).

 As a hematologist inclined toward a Spectrum of Magnitudes view of the Universe, this description of a consistent cellular appearance immediately generated associations in my mind where I began to see the Large Scale Structure of the Universe as a pattern akin to the microscopic Small Scale Structure of the Universe I am so familiar with, except the large scale galaxy structures are bound together by gravity, whereas the small scale molecular structures are bound together by electromagnetic force.

When you look at this large-scale structure in the context of multicentric ongoing Big-Bangs, which is a fundamental aspect of this theory of physical universe evolution, the nearly homogeneous presence of huge voids of galaxy-free space between the superclusters has enormous practical significance, because these “Voids of Space” are unobstructed windows into the Pre-Bang Universe. The Physical Universe did not begin from a single Big Bang and is therefore multicentric in origin rather than unicentric in origin. The twin-lobed jets in quasars and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are the hallmark of active, ongoing Big-Bang process. These jets and the supermassive densities from which they arise are the physical sites of interface between the Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universes. These jets are visible throughout the universe at optical, X-ray and radio wavelengths and can be regionally mapped relative to their respective contiguous voids of space. As we have seen, there is visible evidence that galaxies grow and evolve from inside outward as a result of these jets of hydrogen exploding from the supermassive nuclear centers of quasars and AGNs. Consequently, the large-scale supercluster structure of the universe has grown from inside outward into these filaments of supercluster form rather than collapsing en masse as a whole from a soup of matter produced by a single Big Bang. As the galaxies are actively materializing from these twin-lobed jets both near and far throughout the universe, there is an enormous corresponding Pre-Bang process going on regionally in a coexisting Pre-Bang Universe, even though it is at present beyond the power of scientific sight. The supermassive “black holes” and jets of quasars and AGNs are located in the walls of superclusters surrounding these voids of space, and thereby precisely localize the points of interface between the Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universe within the large-scale structure. Hydrogen and the visible superclusters of galaxies correspond to the atomic-stellar-galaxy Physical Universe, which is the Post-Bang Universe. As the eyes of science are blocked outside the outer frontier of the Pre-Bang Universe with no knowledge of what energy, mass and processes it contains that led to the supermassive densities that ignited the Big Bang, a strategy is needed to systematically identify and explore the Pre-Bang Universe. The Pre-Bang Universe preceded and therefore must coexist with the Post-Bang Universe. The Pre-Bang Universe existed before the Big Bang and should therefore be present in the absence of the Post-Bang Universe. Space minus everything in the Post-Bang Universe can therefore potentially unmask the invisible presence of the Pre-Bang Universe. The Voids of Space between the superclusters are devoid of galaxies of the Post-Bang Universe and thereby frame and potentially expose the Pre-Bang Universe to direct scientific exploration.

The 2dF Galaxy and Quasar Redshift Surveys performed at the Anglo-Australian Observatory provide detailed pictures of the large scale structure of the actual surrounding universe. On June 27, 2003, The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey: Final Data Release (Colless et al. 2003) was published which shows the distribution of nearly 230,000 galaxies mapped 3 billion light-years out into space. This survey was the result of an international collaboration involving more than 30 scientists from 11 institutions. This galaxy survey corresponds directly with their 2dF QSO Survey in which 22,000 QSOs were mapped out to 15 billion light-years from Earth. These surveys provide precise and detailed maps showing how the taxonomy of galaxies and quasars are distributed  in space within the surrounding Universe.

Among a host of other achievements, their redshift survey precisely characterized the galaxy population in terms of the distributions of fundamental properties such as luminosity, surface brightness, spectral type and star formation rate, and quantified the relationships between the internal properties of galaxies (such as luminosity, spectral type and star formation rate) and their external environment (the local density of galaxies and the surrounding large-scale structure), and investigated the properties of galaxy groups and clusters by defining a large, homogeneous sample of groups and clusters in redshift space.

This state of the art survey clearly shows how the large scale structure of the universe is composed of Superclusters of Galaxies surrounding Voids of Space and, from this theory’s ongoing Big-Bang perspective, maps the Quasars in relationship to the entire Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution! 

 According to this theory of evolution, the Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universes are in direct relationship to each other and thereby are integral parts of a unified Cosmos system, because the Post-Bang Universe is actively materializing from the Pre-Bang Universe at astronomical numbers of Big-Bang locations that are distributed throughout all regions of the universe, wherever there are twin-lobed jets arising from supermassive black hole densities. The consistent arrangement of superclusters of galaxies surrounding voids of space suggests that there may be a definable pattern of spatial relationship between the visible Post-Bang Universe and invisible Pre-Bang Universe, which has heretofore been forgotten in the darkness. This pattern may provide us with the means to systematically penetrate the Pre-Bang Universe and unveil its dark matter mystery.

By selecting spherical voids of space circumferentially surrounded by superclusters of galaxies, it is possible to define and map Units of Pattern in the Large Scale Structure that contain large-volume samples of the Post-Bang Universe and corresponding regions of Pre-Bang Universe: a large-scale Unit of Universe that contains the entire process of atomic-stellar-galaxy evolution and all known magnitudes of mass, energy, force and structure in the universe. Spherical Voids of Space are definable regions in the Large Scale Structure that have a measurable radius and visible circumference that form a natural boundary basis for defining Units of Universe in actual existence.

In the method described here, the geometrical center of the spherical Void of Space is designated as the center of the Unit of Universe. Surrounding the Void of Space are superclusters of galaxies which circumferentially demarcate the Void of Space in the form of an optical Marginal Line. This Marginal Line is a naturally occurring boundary that marks the physical separation of the Post-Bang Universe from the Void of Space. By analyzing the composite and component structure of this Unit of Universe in both 3- and 4-spatial dimensions, the structural and functional relationship between the Pre- and Post-Bang Universes can be systematically examined because each Void of Space is a regional window wherein the presence of the Pre-Bang Universe is less obstructed by the luminous mass of the Post-Bang Universe.

Space minus the Post-Bang Universe potentially contains the Pre-Bang Universe. With each Unit of Universe defined from an actual spherical Void of Space, its Radius and its optical Marginal Line provides a means for systematically mapping large-volume, representative samples of the Universe according to its elementary pattern of formation and structure. By selecting spherical shaped Voids of Space with well-defined Marginal Lines, composite Units of Universe can be regionally defined, mapped, analyzed and thereafter compared in a systematic fashion. Within the Large Scale Structure of the Universe, the interstices between the Voids of Space are filled with superclusters of galaxies (Post-Bang Universe), and these filamentous gatherings of superclusters are of variable thickness and abut with delimiting Voids of Space on either side. By establishing the geometrical center of the Void of Space as the geometrical center of the Unit of Universe, a grid can be drawn that defines the spatial relationship of the Post-Bang Universe to the Pre-Bang Universe Void of Space.

In the method diagram entitled Unit of Universe Grid, the black sphere in the center is the Void of Space; the Marginal Line is the naturally occurring optical boundary that defines the Void of Space; the Radius (R) that extends from the geometrical center to the circumferential Marginal Line mathematically defines the spherical Void of Space; the grid surrounding the Marginal Line on the axis of the Radius of the Void of Space spatially grid-maps the Post-Bang galaxies, clusters and superclusters surrounding the Marginal Line.

When the Large Scale Structure of the Universe is mapped in shell-layers of space-time around planet Earth (Cosmosphere surrounding Earth), with the Earth being the geometrical center of present time, representative Units of Universe can be selected and studied in the same shell-layer and different shell-layers of space-time, so comparative analysis can be performed between Units of Universe that exist in the same and different spatial eras of Cosmos history. By this means, the composite and component nature of both the Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universes can be conjointly analyzed as a systematic whole 

Mapping the Post-Bang Universe in the Unit of Pattern 

From the following axiomatic conclusions derived from this theory of evolution, a method can be designed to systematically investigate the Pre-Bang Universe: The Post-Bang Universe and Pre-Bang Universe coexist in space. The Voids of Space between the superclusters of galaxies are windows in the Post-Bang Universe that potentially contain functionally related regions of Pre-Bang Universe. Galaxies are born, grow and evolve from an active Big-Bang process within the supermassive “black hole” density at their center. Each supermassive density that reaches the Big-Bang threshold is a physical juncture that regionally conjoins the Pre-Bang to Post-Bang Universe. The supermassive densities and twin-lobed jets of quasars and AGNs spatially locate the points of origin of hydrogen and pinpoint the interface between the Pre- and Post-Bang Universes. The sequence of Post-Bang Universe evolution progresses in visible stages from quasar to irregular blue dwarf galaxy to elliptical galaxy to spiral galaxy. The supercluster structure of the Post-Bang Universe has gradually grown galaxy-by-galaxy by this process and sequence of galaxy evolution. Knowing the points of origin of hydrogen formation and the sequential stages of galaxy evolution, it is possible to spatially map the evolutionary arborization of the supercluster structures of the Post-Bang Universe surrounding the Void of Space in each Unit of Pattern we see in the Large Scale Structure of the Universe. Beginning from the solid foundation of what we know about galaxy evolution and supercluster structure in the Post-Bang Universe, progress in science can move across the Marginal Line into the Void of Space to investigate and unveil the contents and nature of the Pre-Bang Universe, as will be described under the heading entitled, Systematic Investigation of the Pre-Bang Void of Space.

According to this ongoing Big-Bang theory, galaxies grow from inside outward and the mainstream lifecycle of galaxy evolution invariably progresses from elliptical to spiral. Consequently, elliptical galaxies are newer and younger and spiral galaxies are always older. This is crucially important to realize because elliptical and spiral galaxy age is exactly opposite to the view held by the original Big Bang theory. The rectification of that misunderstanding about galaxy age is an evolutionary paradigm shift that gives us the means to unfold the process and sequence of galaxy evolution and supercluster formation, by which in turn we can accurately define the relationship in space between the Post-Bang and Pre-Bang Universes. Two well known galaxy clusters—the Virgo cluster and Coma cluster—exemplify the relationship of galaxy growth and evolution to supercluster formation and structure and demonstrate the relationship of the Post-Bang Universe to the Pre-Bang Universe in nearby space.

The Virgo cluster is the largest cluster of galaxies within 100 million light-years from Earth and contains galaxies of many types including spirals, ellipticals and irregular galaxies. Galaxy counts have shown that the Virgo cluster contains between 100 and 200 large galaxies and about 1000 dwarf galaxies. Morphological analysis of 200 bright galaxies in the Virgo cluster showed that 68% are spiral galaxies, 19% are elliptical galaxies and the rest are irregulars or unclassified. The giant elliptical galaxy M87 with its gigantic radio jet and radio structure is located at the core of the Virgo cluster.

Just a few hundred million light-years further from Earth in the direction of the constellation Coma, about 7 times further from Earth than the Virgo cluster, the Coma cluster is one of the densest clusters known and contains thousands of galaxies. This cluster is so big that it takes light millions of years to go from one side to the other. The Coma cluster is a prototypical rich cluster that is populated overwhelmingly by elliptical and SO galaxies with only a few spirals near the outskirts of the cluster. In contrast to the Virgo cluster, 85% of the galaxy population in the Coma cluster consists of elliptical and SO galaxies. The Coma cluster is uniquely characterized by the presence of an immense cluster-wide radio halo, the enormous size of which was found to be rare.

With a single Big Bang origin of the universe, all the galaxies and clusters had to be formed from the single pool of matter that was produced and dispersed by the single Big Bang, so the galaxies and superclusters had to collapse and collide into their present forms. By contrast, with the Post-Bang Universe having evolved at multicentric points of origin through astronomical numbers of widely distributed supermassive densities containing ongoing Big-Bangs, the process of evolution looks radically different because the galaxies and superclusters have all grown regionally from inside outward into their present form. Consequently, the lifecycle of individual galaxy growth and evolution defines galaxy age. As spiral galaxies evolve from elliptical galaxies, the elliptical galaxies are therefore younger and more recently formed. From this frame of reference, within the nearby universe neighborhood, the Coma cluster is as a whole much younger than the Virgo cluster because of the overwhelming predominance of elliptical and SO galaxies and the paucity of spirals. As galaxies and clusters grow from inside outward, it is noteworthy and very significant that the older spiral galaxies are on the outskirts of the Coma cluster, because this appears to be a consistent pattern in clusters and is evidence of the direction of cluster growth in space. Furthermore, the cluster-wide radio halo in the Coma cluster is evidence for widespread production of radio-loud hydrogen within this region, which as we have seen is produced by the radio jets of quasars and active galactic nuclei. This radio halo is the result of, and a cumulative measure of, the degree of ongoing Big-Bang activity within the cluster, which according to this theory is also a reflection and indication of relatively recent activity within the Pre-Bang Universe in this region.

The Virgo cluster as a whole is older because the largest percentage of its galaxies are spiral. However, in the center of the cluster is galaxy M87, which as we have seen is very active with a giant optical and radio jet that is producing an enormous extragalactic cloud of radio structure at cluster center. In 1966 the first detection of an X-ray source associated with a cluster of galaxies was detected in galaxy M87, the central giant elliptical galaxy of the Virgo cluster, which led astrophysicists to the realization that many extragalactic X-ray sources are associated with clusters of galaxies. Now it is clear that most, if not all, rich clusters populated by elliptical and SO galaxies include an X-ray emission region of large size. These radio and X-ray jets and the clouds of radio structure they form have been clearly shown to be expanding and growing from point sources rather than collapsing into point sources. The outward direction of all this evidence shows that the galaxies are not collapsing into existence from spacefulls of preformed hydrogen and helium produced 20 billion years before by a single Big Bang that occurred 20 billion light-years away. Galaxies are visibly materializing and expanding from point sources before our eyes, and these point-sources are the most extraordinary supermassive densities associated with the most powerful and copious jets of radio and X-ray substance in the visible physical universe. Although proportionately fewer in number, the presence of elliptical galaxies in the center of the Virgo cluster has great significance because this too appears to be a pattern of distribution seen in spiral clusters. Despite the Virgo cluster being older by the predominate presence of spiral galaxies, the characteristic jet activity in the elliptical galaxy at cluster center is evidence of active interface with the Pre-Bang Universe, and indicates that the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution occurs from inside outward within clusters as a whole.

Before defining the method of mapping the Unit of Universe grid, one further point needs to be clarified about galaxy morphology relative to galaxy and supercluster evolution: Dwarf galaxies are the most common galaxy in the universe. However, not all dwarf galaxies are the same! The designation “dwarf galaxy” simply means small and does not group galaxies functionally according to the mechanism of their formation. Yet understanding the mechanism of their formation is essential in order to map the superclusters according to the sequence of galaxy evolution, which in turn is essential in order to map the development of the supermassive “black hole” densities and twin-lobed jets that pinpoint and regionally define the relationship of the Post-Bang to Pre-Bang Universe. The term “dwarf galaxy” is a heterogeneous grouping that includes galaxies that are formed at early and late stages of the systematic sequence of galaxy evolution. The natural sequence of optical galaxy evolution progresses from Quasar to Irregular Blue Dwarf Galaxy to Elliptical Galaxy to Spiral Galaxy. All of these stages of galaxy formation have a supermassive “black hole” density at their center and grow and evolve from Big-Bang jets of hydrogen that flood the nearby region, which in turn collapse into the stars that comprise the optically visible galaxy at each stage. As is evident throughout the universe, large regions of extragalactic hydrogen are formed by this process. These satellite regions of hydrogen gravitationally collapse to form “dwarf galaxies” that have neither supermassive black holes nor active galactic centers. These collapsed dwarfs are independent systems that are able to evolve internally as stellar systems but are not able to grow in size from inside outward because they do not contain a Big-Bang source of hydrogen in an active galactic nucleus. When you look at the enormous radio halo enveloping the Coma cluster and the extragalactic radio structure surrounding galaxy M87 in the center of the Virgo cluster, knowing that hydrogen is a radio-emitting particle, it is easy to envision how these extragalactic hydrogen regions can collapse into dwarf galaxies. This process of dwarf collapse occurs in the same fashion as that envisioned in the original Big Bang theory, except the process occurs regionally in hydrogen rich environments that have been produced in the local universe region by Big-Bang generated twin-lobed jets.

The Irregular Blue Dwarf Galaxies are the hallmark beginning of optical galaxy evolution and are formed by an entirely different process that underlies the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution, because these active young blue galaxies are growing from inside outward into galaxy form rather than collapsing from outside inward into stationary dwarf size. These Irregular Blue Dwarf Galaxies are identifiable as a class by the presence of young star populations associated with active radio-jets arising from a bright supermassive “black hole” density at the center. The size of the supermassive black hole at the center of these early stage galaxies needs further thought and special consideration because the size and magnitude of the black holes can be underestimated at this stage due to the lack of surrounding stars and orbiting optical mass by which the size of the black holes are determined. Rather than measuring the size of the black hole alone, the magnitude of the supermassive density and its Big-Bang process can be more fully defined by measuring the following directly related variables: the brightness and size of the burning orb at center, which is a dust-enshrouded quasar; the size of the radio jets, which are a direct result of the Big-Bang process; and the size of the supermassive black hole, which is a gravitational measure of the supermassive density of the orb housing the Big-Bang. Each of these measures is affected by changes that occur during the sequential phases of Irregular Blue Dwarf Galaxy growth, as follows: Early Phase, quasar center is clear and bright, jet dimensions depend on angle toward Earth, supermassive black hole may appear relatively small due to paucity of circumnuclear stars and orbiting optical mass by which the black hole is measured; Late Phase, burning orb of quasar is masked by dust but visually measurable, radio jets remain visible and measurable through dust, supermassive black hole appears larger due to larger orbiting optical mass.

Now let’s return to the Unit of Universe pattern and grid-map the galaxy superclusters in relationship to the Void of Space as a method for entering and investigating the Pre-Bang Universe.

The steps in the method for defining and exploring the Units of Universe are: 1) Within the same and different shell-layers of space-time distance surrounding Earth, select representative spherical Voids of Space with a clearly visible surrounding circumference of superclusters. 2) Establish a standardized Unit of Universe grid based on the Void of Space (Geometrical Center, Radius, Marginal Line Circumference) by which spherical Units of Universe of various size in various locations can be mapped and compared. 3) Grid map the Post-Bang Universe in a defined region surrounding the optical Marginal Line of the Void of Space, including quasars, galaxies, clusters, superclusters and all supermassive black hole densities associated with twin-lobed jets. 4) Analyze and comparatively analyze the 4-dimensional composite and 3-dimensional component structure and spatial relationships of the clusters and superclusters according to the natural sequence of galaxy evolution: quasars, irregular blue dwarf galaxies, elliptical galaxies, spiral galaxies. 5) Systematically serially slice, examine and map the Void of Space at all known wavelengths of energy in preparation for scientifically defining the constituent nature of the Pre-Bang Universe. 6) Redefine the Marginal Line at the particle level that separates the Post-Bang Universe from the Pre-Bang Universe. 7) Examine the composition and spatial relationships of Post-Bang Universe evolution within the grid area in relationship to all potential Pre-Bang elements, energies and forces in the Void of Space and surrounding space of the Unit of Universe, such as the cosmic microwave background radiation pattern relative to the Void of Space and surrounding composite and component supercluster map of the Post-Bang Universe.

 Although representative Units of Universe will need to be identified and mapped in order to investigate the regional relationship of galaxy birth, growth and evolution—quasar, irregular blue dwarf, elliptical, spiral—to the formation of cluster and supercluster structure, there is already a wealth of astrophysical data available concerning galaxy clusters that can provide insight about Post-Bang Universe formation and the regional spatial relationship of the Post-Bang Universe to Pre-Bang Universe.

First I’ll summarize known facts about regional galaxy distribution, then look at these facts in the context of a multicentric origin of the Post-Bang Universe, then follow the path of galaxy and cluster growth and evolution back to their points of origin from the Pre-Bang Universe.

Facts: Galaxy density in clusters shows a striking morphological segregation by galaxy type. Quasars live in intermediate density environments, and significant galaxy clustering has been observed around quasars. Rich clusters are dominated by elliptical and SO galaxies. Elliptical and SO galaxies show a much greater tendency to cluster than their spiral counterparts. Elliptical galaxies are found at the center of dense galaxy concentrations, and poor galaxy systems are also dominated by elliptical galaxies at their center. With the exception of spiral-rich clusters, there is a decreasing space density of spirals toward the center of clusters. Many clusters are centrally dominated by supergiant elliptical galaxies called cDs, and these galaxies have been shown to live only in the densest cluster environment. Head-tail radio-sources are found within clusters. Radio galaxies in clusters are often associated with cDs that dominate the center, and there appears to be an average of only one bright radio-galaxy per cluster. Clusters with radio halos, like the Comma cluster, are rare. These rare clusters harboring a radio halo have other similar properties including large X-ray cores and low spiral galaxy contents. Close correspondence has been found between X-ray emission and galaxy distribution. The peak of the diffuse X-ray emission coincides with the center of galaxy distribution, and richer clusters were found to be more likely associated with X-ray sources.

In the context of a multicentric origin of the Post-Bang Universe, this segregation and spatial distribution of galaxies by type appears enormously significant, particularly when viewed from the realization that the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution progresses from quasar to irregular blue dwarf to elliptical to spiral. Quasars are found either alone or in areas of intermediate galaxy density, which are evidence of newly developing areas of Post-Bang Universe wherever they are found. Elliptical galaxies are densely clustered with active radio galaxies at their center, suggesting that Pre- to Post-Bang Universe evolution occurs in highly regionalized areas that are concentrated toward cluster center. Spherical rich clusters consist almost exclusively of elliptical and SO galaxies, and spiral galaxies increase in number further from center. As elliptical galaxies are younger and spiral galaxies are older, this pattern of distribution indicates that the galaxies at cluster center are relatively newly formed and the cluster periphery is older, which suggests that mainstream galaxy evolution begins in the region of cluster center and migrates outward. According to this theory, spiral galaxies take form and grow from massive production and accumulation of dust within their disc, and therefore have accumulated and contain far more mass than the elliptical and SO galaxies from which they evolve. The consistent concentration of elliptical and SO galaxies centrally and spirals peripherally may be related to centrifugal effects of cluster orbit around cluster center, with the heavier, older spiral galaxies migrating slowly outward. If clusters are orbiting around their point of origin, this potentially defines a large-scale gravitational relationship between the Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universe. Head-tail radio sources and twin-lobed jets in quasars, irregular blue dwarf galaxies and AGNs are located in the superclusters and are the spatial points of interface with the Pre-Bang Universe. As the Post-Bang Universe is materializing and growing from inside outward rather than collapsing from outside inward, mapping the clusters and superclusters regionally according to the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution shows the direction of growth and stages of formation of the macrostructure. Mapping the twin-lobed jets and corresponding black hole densities shows the source of galaxy, cluster and supercluster growth and pinpoints the Post-Bang interface with the Pre-Bang Universe. In this way the Post-Bang Universe is stratified into structure that is visible all the way from its Big-Bang origin to the furthest present edge of spiral galaxy evolution. 

Investigation of the Pre-Bang Void of Space 

Evolution is stratified in structure everywhere in the universe. Hence Charles Darwin was able to determine the evolution of the species by examining and comparing the structure of different species, and astrophysicists were able to determine the main sequence of stellar evolution by comparing the structure of the stars. And this stratification of structure is evident at all levels of magnitude in the universe: stars are made of atoms; creatures are made of cells; atoms are made of quarks. Therefore, even though the Pre-Bang Universe is for the moment beyond the present resolution of scientific vision, given the fact that the Big-Bang process is furiously active throughout the visible universe, it is most impelling for me to conclude that all stages of both Pre-Bang and Post-Bang evolution are stratified in structure in their respective regions and magnitudes of space.

When one considers, even for a moment, how blind we were as a species just a few centuries ago, as for example before the mathematical genius of Copernicus and telescopic wonderings of Galileo turned the mindset of our species inside out and upside down, and how our Knowledge of Existence has grown in proportion to the power of our scientific vision ever since, these curious regions of darkness in the Cosmos that look like empty Voids of Space should not be an intimidating deterrent to our active exploration. Rather than a deterrent, these Voids of Space can be viewed as Doors of Depth in Caverns of Space harboring deep held secrets about ancient dimensions within shocking—Worlds—of unknown Existence!

Again!

As has happened so many times before.

Think about it. What has happened to the power of human sight in the last hundred years? How long has it been since each individual wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum has been added incrementally—wave after wave after wave—to our power of vision? Yet, if you feel as I do, on this our Journey as an evolving species, we humans are just beginning to See! And that’s not a hocus-pocus prediction. Draw a line in history. A line showing the evolution of human sight. This is a trajectory!

So though the Voids of Space seem filled with naught but blackness, don’t fall into the trap that says empty blackness equals nothing. Those Voids of Space, those blind spots in our present power of vision, may be the actual domain of the Pre-Bang Universe, the very inner soul of the Physical Universe. And perhaps the only reason why the Pre-Bang Universe is still a spaceless scientific bind spot on the other side of the Big Bang is because we’ve never looked for it!

When I began to map the macrostructure of the Cosmos in 4-spatial dimensions as a picture in my mind, knowing that the universe is stratified into structure everywhere we look, and knowing that the Inner Space of ourselves is not as empty as it seems, it made me start to wonder about what is in these Voids of Space. Dark Matter? The Great Attractor? Is that Inner Void the house and home of the dark matter that is known to comprise 90% of the gravitational force in the Cosmos? Do those Voids of Space contain the Dark Matter that is gravitationally binding and holding those superclusters of galaxies into sheets and spheres of large-scale structure and patterns of form? Like the electromagnetic force within a different octave in this scale of magnitudes that constitutes the universe binds and holds the atoms of our body together into sheets and cellular spheres of molecular pattern and form? If so, then perhaps what we are looking at in these Voids of Space is the Universe of Energy and Particles that gives rise to the supermassive density of each Big-Bang, which gives rise to the twin-lobed jets of hydrogen, which gives rise to each galaxy and the systematic sequence of galaxy growth and evolution, which gives rise to each uniquely populated cluster of galaxies, which gives rise to the supercluster filaments that form the surface of the Voids of Space, which are the vortices that give rise to the regional microstructure and macrostructure of everything we see in the Large Scale Structure of the Universe.

Possibly.

On a large scale.

But we won’t know unless we look.

Which gives us a moment of rare opportunity. Because what we have before us is a new frontier: a Blank Page of uncharted space with no preconceived ideas about it! A Blank Page in the Book of Knowledge about Voids of Space that are both strangely powerful and mysteriously vacant: Voids of Space which, unlike the Void of Space inhabiting our own psyches and souls, have never been trespassed by the prepackaged answers of archaic beliefs. Regions in Space the likes and depths of which have never been seen in the history of our species. Regions that have never been invaded by the hypnotic rote about miraculous causes and miraculous events that are physically impossible. Virgin regions of the Cosmos unblemished by the mind-blinding litany and soporific recitations about why physically impossible causes have to be accepted on faith because the truth is repeatedly, repeatedly, repeatedly, repeatedly said to be beyond our naturally endowed human intelligence and understanding. No! These confabulations are not the Cosmos. Not this Cosmos that never lies. This Cosmos from which we came. This Cosmos we are made of. This Cosmos that we are. And we do have the power to See!

So all we have to do is stop habitually closing our minds and start to see for ourselves.

But to see we must look.

And these inner Voids of Space are truly virgin territory. So we have to begin from scratch. Using all our wits and power.

Like the Pre-Bang Universe, the Void of Space is a special challenge because its component nature is 100% unknown. All we know for sure is that it is there. In order to fathom the depths of these unknown regions, we have two tasks we must accomplish: we must systematically investigate the Void of Space to see what is in it, and we must precisely define the Marginal Line that separates the Post-Bang from Pre-Bang Universe.

Reduced to its simplest terms, the Universe can be viewed as consisting of Energy, Mass and Space, because Time is simply the motion and movement of Energy and Mass in Space. Within Space, Mass equals Energy and Mass and Energy are interchangeable. The Spectrum of Energy and the Spectrum of Mass magnitudes are both characterized by mathematical periodicity and are directly related to each other, and thereby reflections of each other. Hence elements in the periodic table of atoms are identifiable as spectral lines of energy. Even though the dark matter in the Void of Space and Unit of Universe consists of Magnitudes of Mass that our beyond the present edge of scientific knowledge, we have the means at hand to begin scientific exploration of the constituent nature of the Pre-Bang Universe within these regions. We have two tools by which we can serially section and examine any region and object in space, just like the anatomist can serially slice embedded blocks of structure in space to examine what is inside its depth: the electromagnetic Spectrum of Energy and the Spectrum of Mass magnitudes. Each can be used as a Cosmic Microtome to slice space into 3-dimensional Planes of Magnitude on the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension, and thereby survey and examine the component nature of macro-regions and macro-structures in space. This provides a mathematical open-framework method that can protect us from being blindsided by our lack of vision power, because space is mathematically defined and maintained at all magnitudes on the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension whether we are able to see something there or not. Scientific progress, and the power of scientific vision, has been historically marked and thrust forward by the discovery of new magnitudes of energy and mass, and there is no reason to assume that new magnitudes of energy and mass are not going to be scientifically discovered in near future: e.g., the composition and nature of dark matter, the composition of the supermassive black holes, the composition of mass and energy within the Pre-Bang Universe, and perhaps even a whole Universe of Energy and Particles that is beyond the present threshold of our scientific instruments.

Although the electromagnetic Spectrum of Energy and Spectrum of Mass magnitudes have their own separate alignment when plotted on the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension, the correspondence between the spectrums is definable at each point of conversion of mass to energy and energy to mass, and thereby each spectrum is a reflection of and path toward the other. The Spectrum of Energy has been used to systematically survey, tag and identify particles of mass and their regional distribution, as for example the HI and HII hydrogen regions and the radio jets and their plumes and clouds of radio structure. The Spectrum of Energy has also been used to perform the great sky surveys of the universe as a whole each time a new satellite has been launched with greater wavelength capability, such as the mission that regionally mapped the cosmic microwave background radiation throughout the universe.

Using this microtome approach, it is possible to systematically survey defined Voids of Space and corresponding Units of Universe in detail at all wavelengths of energy in preparation for defining the component nature of the Pre-Bang Universe.

The electromagnetic Spectrum of Energy can be plotted and mapped on the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension by the same method that was used to plot and map the Spectrum of Mass magnitudes in Space: a sphere elongated in the 4^th spatial dimension. This provides a mathematical method for mapping the energy composition within defined areas of space in both 3- and 4-spatial dimensions. By this means the Composite and Component energy contents of the Void of Space can be analyzed in relationship to the mapped Composite and Component contents of the supercluster structures (Post-Bang Universe) beyond the optical Marginal Line in the Unit of Universe. As spherical Voids of Space are selected as the basis for defining the Units of Universe, the geometry and mathematics of this model corresponds to spheres of space and corresponding structures in actual existence. By performing a thorough Spectrum of Energy survey of both the Void of Space and surrounding grid-map region of the Unit of Universe, comparative analysis can be performed of the regional pattern and distribution of each wavelength of energy within the Void of Space and the Unit of Universe on either side of the Marginal Line. By assembling Component wavelengths into a Composite Energy Map of the Void of Space (Pre-Bang Universe), comparative analysis can be performed with the Composite and Component maps of the surrounding supercluster structure region (Post-Bang Universe). This provides an investigative  method for analyzing the regional relationship of energy distribution within the Pre-Bang Universe, such as Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, relative to the network of supermassive black hole densities associated with twin-lobed jets, and analyzing the axis of the twin-lobed jets relative to the geometrical center and Marginal Line of the Void of Space that demarcates the optical edge of the Post-Bang Universe.

As the Spectrum of Energy can be extended mathematically infinitely in either direction, this is a mathematical framework that contains all possible wavelengths of energy in the Cosmos, including all unknown forms of energy as well as the wavelengths known to science. As new forms of energy and mass will undoubtedly be discovered in the future, this mathematical spectrum provides open spaces within the Unit of Universe that are regionally definable in relationship to known magnitudes of mass and energy. In other words, just because nothing is scientifically visible at a particular location in the Unit of Universe doesn’t necessarily mean or a priori prove that nothing is there: there may be nothing there or there may be something there that is beyond the present power of our scientific instruments to detect. Either way, we have a meridional map in both 3- and 4-spatial dimensions by which to know exactly where those two possibilities are regionally located within the Void of Space and surrounding supercluster regions in the Unit of Universe. And when evidence begins to appear that points to the theoretical likelihood of mass or energy or interaction of a certain magnitude, or when new forms of energy and mass are discovered, we have a method of regional mapping that includes all possible magnitudes of energy, mass and space in the universe. The Unit of Universe thereby defines an integrated space for the Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universe within which all pieces have mathematical room to fit.

To find and define the Pre-Bang Universe, we have to leap into the Unknown, or at least let the Unknown take hold of us when it tries to take us on a journey into its secrets. The Unit of Universe is an encompassing map that includes the Unknown as well as the Known, the Pre-Bang Universe as well as Post-Bang Universe, which can be regionally mapped in both 3- and 4-spatial dimensions. Within the Large Scale Structure of the Universe, wherein we can map the Units of Universe in both 3- and 4-spatial dimensions, the Spectrum of Magnitudes is the compass that can keep us oriented as we scientifically explore the Pre-Bang Universe in relationship to Post-Bang Universe within the surrounding Cosmosphere.  

Definition of Marginal Line between Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universe  

The geometrical Center, Radius and optical Marginal Line of each spherical Void of Space in the Large Scale Structure of the Universe are stationary frames of reference that can serve as geometrical and mathematical constants to define each Unit of Universe. These constants can be used to define both a composite 4- and component 3-dimensional geometrical grid-map of space that theoretically contains both the Post-Bang Universe and Pre-Bang Universe as an integrated whole within each regionally defined Unit of Universe. However, we still don’t know the nature of the Pre-Bang Universe, or exactly where it is, or what it contains, or how it forms the supermassive density that ignites the Big-Bang. So although the optical Marginal Line visually defines the Unit of Universe within the Large Scale Structure, we also need to define the Marginal Line at the particle level to regionally localize and differentiate the Post-Bang from Pre-Bang Universe.

The threshold point of the Big-Bang in this theory is the strong force implosion of quark-gluon plasma into the nucleus of the hydrogen atom, and this threshold point separates the Pre-Bang from Post-Bang Universe. Hydrogen, the ionic and atomic product of the Big-Bang, defines a Marginal Line at the particle level between the two universes because hydrogen alone can account for the formation of the stars and galaxies that constitute the optically visible physical universe. Helium and the other naturally occurring atoms in the periodic table are all formed by nuclear fusion in the stars, and along with the molecules and dust of atomic-molecular structures formed therein, the stars are all regionally located within the galaxies. The stars and stellar fusion products in the universe are all contained within the optically visible galaxy structure of the Post-Bang Universe, which is almost entirely located outside the optical Marginal Line of the Voids of Space in the Large Scale Structure of the Universe.

Hydrogen is the exception. Hydrogen is jettisoned by the Big-Bang process in quasars and AGNs into surrounding space where it gathers in large regions of starless hydrogen mass that are found distributed throughout space. Some of these hydrogen regions form optical galaxies around their supermassive black hole points of origin, which are the actively growing galaxies that comprise the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution. Some of these hydrogen regions collapse into satellite galaxies that have neither an ongoing Big-Bang process nor a supermassive black hole center, satellite dwarf galaxies that do not grow because there is no ongoing supply of hydrogen. Some of these hydrogen regions are as yet starless and un-evolved, which are the large regions of intergalactic hydrogen seen scattered throughout the universe. Hydrogen therefore forms a plane of divide between the Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universes that does not coincide with the optical Marginal Line. Although the hydrogen regions are optically invisible and overlay the Void of Space in the optically defined Unit of Pattern, the radio emissions from these regions are easily identifiable as constituents of the Post-Bang Universe. Due to the overlapping nature of space on the axis of telescopic vision, however, this divisionary distinction will be important as we begin to examine and dissect the Void of Space (Window of Pre-Bang Universe) within the visible shell of Supercluster Galaxy Structure (Post-Bang Universe) in each Unit of Universe. If we know what constitutes the Post-Bang Universe (atoms, stars, galaxies), then whatever remains becomes a potential constituent candidate of the Pre-Bang Universe (Space – Post-Bang Universe = Pre-Bang Universe).

On the Post-Bang side, hydrogen appears to be the only known element that is widely distributed beyond the optical regions of the Post-Bang Universe. Knowing that the optical Marginal Line on the large scale of magnitude and hydrogen Marginal Line on the atomic scale of magnitude regionally separate the Post-Bang from Pre-Bang Universe, we have a means of approaching the Pre-Bang Universe.

On the other side of the supermassive densities that give rise to the Big-Bang, the first second of the original theory that describes the relationship of the quarks and quark-gluon plasma to hydrogen nucleon formation has turned into a whole Universe of Energy and Particles, which is the Pre-Bang Universe. With evidence of ongoing Big-Bang process in supermassive densities associated with twin-lobed jets existing throughout the universe, and evidence of enormous intra- and extragalactic regions of hydrogen produced by the Big-Bang being distributed throughout the universe, it is safe to theorize that the Pre-Bang Universe coexists with the Post-Bang Universe throughout space. And it is quite conceivable that what is contained within the Pre-Bang Universe is very much in evidence right now, such as the cosmic microwave background radiation and the quarks that are not part of atomic nuclear structure and the massive amounts of dark matter known to be gravitationally affecting the optical galaxies.   

Evolution of Pre-Bang + Post-Bang Units of Universe within the Cosmosphere  

The Post-Bang Universe provides a regional reflection of what is going on in the Pre-Bang Universe. Within the context of the gradual evolution of the Post-Bang Universe from Pre-Bang Universe, the nearly homogeneous pattern of the Large Scale Structure of the Universe becomes comprehensible. The Pre-Bang Universe pre-existed the Post-Bang Universe. Prior to the appearance of the first Big-Bang that marked the beginning of the process of atomic-stellar-galaxy evolution, only the Pre-Bang Universe was in existence. Within the Pre-Bang Universe, the Post-Bang Universe began with the first Big-Bang. Within this theory, the atomic-stellar-galaxy Universe began with the birth of the first Quasar. From the first quasar, the first galaxy evolved in the optical blackness of the Pre-Bang Universe, and alone in the blackness began its slow progression from solitary burning orb to radio galaxy to elliptical galaxy to spiral galaxy form. The first quasar was formed by the gravitational collapse of mass and energy into a supermassive density in the Pre-Bang Universe, forming a true supermassive black hole that exceeded the escape velocity of light, although it is important to note that optical stellar light as we know it didn’t exist yet. Within the supermassive black hole density, the threshold of the first Big-Bang was reached and the supermassive black hole was transformed into a massive burning orb with twin-lobed jets, i.e., a visible quasar. The fact that supermassive black hole densities bearing twin-lobed jets are in existence throughout the space of the visible Post-Bang Universe is evidence for the presence of the Pre-Bang Universe throughout the space of the Post-Bang Universe. The fact that there are supermassive black hole densities bearing twin-lobed jets both near and far in all shell-layers of space-time in the Cosmosphere surrounding Earth is evidence that Pre- to Post-Bang Universe evolution is occurring throughout space. The Coma cluster, which is at an early stage of elliptical and SO galaxy evolution in the nearby universe, just a few hundred million light-years from Earth, is evidence that the process of Pre-Bang to Post-Bang Universe evolution has occurred in the nearby vicinity of Earth as well as in distant space-time regions 10 billion light-years away.

When my mind-sight looks at evolution this way, it is easy to see why the galaxies of the universe are homogenously distributed throughout space the way they are, because the visible distribution of ongoing Big-Bangs marks the supermassive gravitational beginning within the Pre-Bang Universe from which each active galaxy was born and formed. Realizing that the entire atomic-stellar-galaxy Post-Bang Universe began in the blackness of the Pre-Bang Universe, and knowing the natural sequence of optical galaxy evolution that occurred in the blackness of the Pre-Bang Universe, the relationship of the blackness in the Voids of Space that are surrounded by the optically visible Post-Bang Universe becomes very significant. In the beginning there was nothing but Pre-Bang blackness. Within this blackness, the galaxies, clusters and superclusters gradually grew and evolved into visible existence. Now there is a visible pattern within the blackness of the Pre-Bang Universe and optically visible Post-Bang Universe in the form of the Large Scale Structure of the Universe that is visible in every direction: quasars, galaxies, clusters and superclusters of visible Post-Bang Universe surrounding Voids of Space. In the beginning, the entire Cosmos was devoid of the Post-Bang Universe, and the Pre-Bang Universe occupied the blackness of space. From solitary burning-orb beginnings (Quasars) at multiple points in the blackness of the Pre-Bang Universe, the visible Post-Bang Universe gradually grew into the present large-scale structure we see.

Within the Space of the Cosmos, you can look at the relationship between the Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universe in two ways, because the optical blackness and optical brightness of the two universes form a natural optical illusion within the Cosmos that can be viewed alternately in two ways. You can look at the Pre-Bang Universe from the Post-Bang Universe side, or you can look at the Post-Bang Universe from the Pre-Bang Universe side. When you look at the Post-Bang Universe from within the Pre-Bang Universe, from within the Universe of Energy and Particles that gravitationally collapses into the supermassive density that ignites the Big-Bang process, the Post-Bang Universe appears to be contained within the space of the Pre-Bang Universe. When you look at the Pre-Bang Universe from within the Post-Bang Universe, the Pre-Bang Universe appears to be contained within the inner space of the Post-Bang Universe, because the particles and energy of the Pre-Bang Universe are contained inside the atomic nuclear structure of the Post-Bang Universe. Keep this natural optical illusion in mind as a reference for later when we return to Earth to follow the path of the Spectrum of Magnitudes beyond the Atomic Line to enter the Universe of Energy and Particles within the Inner Space of Earth and Man.

Within each Unit of Universe within the Large Scale Structure of the Universe, the twin-lobed jets arising from supermassive densities literally point to the region in the Pre-Bang Universe where the supermassive densities were gravitationally formed. As the quasar is the first stage of atomic-stellar-galaxy evolution, the twin-lobed jets from quasars are closest to the time and place of supermassive density formation within the Pre-Bang Universe. The twin-lobed jets are located in the clusters and superclusters beyond the optical Marginal Line. By mapping the points of origin of the twin-lobed jets, the interface between the Post-Bang and Pre-Bang Universe can be mapped in each Unit of Universe, and the relationship between this network of Points of Interface and the Void of Space can be evaluated. 

The Pre-Bang Universe is entirely unknown to present day science. The Void of Space in the Unit of Universe however is clearly definable. The results of the Spectrum of Energy survey within the Void of Space described above can be compared with the composite and component mapping of the Post-Bang Universe beyond the Marginal Line, with particular attention to the network of quasars and twin-lobed jets that pinpoint the interface of the Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universes within each Unit of Universe. With the exception of hydrogen, the Post-Bang Universe is almost entirely contained within the galaxy, cluster and supercluster structure beyond the optical Marginal Line. Hydrogen regions are clearly identifiable as HI and HII regions. By selecting spherical Voids of Space that are minimally overlapped by hydrogen regions, all known magnitudes of the Post-Bang Universe (hydrogen, stars, galaxies) will be largely absent from the Voids of Space, giving a clear theoretical Window into the Pre-Bang Universe.

Day to day when we look at any object on Earth, whether it be a human being, a tree or a stone in hand, we are looking at the macroscopic surface of a composite whole. In order to see and understand what the object is made of, we have to slice it open and examine its component parts. By defining Units of Universe at various shell-layers of distance from Earth, we are doing essentially the same thing. We are looking at the optical supercluster surface of a composite whole that contains both the Post-Bang and Pre-Bang Universe as a structural and functional unit. In order to see and understand what the composite whole is made of and how it works, we are slicing it apart on the inside-outside axis of its Spectrum of Magnitudes to examine its component parts. As we move from the visible known magnitudes of the Post-Bang Universe inward beyond the twin-lobed jets and beyond the supermassive black hole densities and enter the invisible magnitudes of the Pre-Bang Universe, we have the map and means in hand by which to systematically penetrate the depth of these mysteries. By comparing the composite and component nature of the Void of Space with the composite and component mapping of galaxy evolution and supercluster structure formation beyond the Hydrogen and Optical Marginal Lines in each Unit of Universe, and by conducting comparisons between Units of Universe within the same and different space-time shell layers of the Cosmosphere surrounding Earth, scientific investigation of the Pre-Bang Universe can begin.

Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory by Paul Hollister, M.D. Copyright 2004

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