Geometrical Pattern and Periodicity of the Universe

If the 4th spatial coordinate is a POINT in 3-dimensional space and a LINE in the 4th spatial dimension, such that the 4th spatial dimension is always at right angles to 3-dimensional space, then it becomes geometrically possible to visualize the 4th dimension as a LINE of spatial dimension, such that the POINT of the 4th spatial dimension in a 3-dimensional Sphere of Space can be viewed as a LINE that is cut in cross-section and viewed on end (End-On Point). Although Space in and of itself is neither visible nor measurable, if the POINT of the 4th spatial dimension is made the geometrical center of a Sphere of Space, the 4th dimension can be geometrically manipulated. If we rotate the LINE of the 4th dimension 90°, the End-On POINT of the 4th spatial dimension in a Sphere becomes a horizontal LINE of 4th spatial dimension within a geometrically Extended Sphere.  

The mindset of science can readily appreciate the geometrical validity of this 4th dimension by thinking in terms of Time, because everyone is accustomed to thinking of the 4th dimension in terms of Space-Time. If each 3-dimensional Sphere of Space above is considered to be DIFFERENT Space through which light travels at DIFFERENT moments of Time, then this would be a geometrical configuration of a Space-Time Continuum in which Time is a 4th dimension of Space. If each 3-dimensional Sphere of Space above is considered to be the SAME Space at DIFFERENT moments of Time, then this would be a geometrical configuration in which Time is a 4th dimension, a chronological picture of an object over time. However, within the context of this theory, these are DIFFERENT 3-dimensional Spheres of Space aligned on the axis of a 4th dimension of Space in simultaneous Time, so Time is removed as a variable. This is the method I will use to elucidate and define the 4th spatial dimension in the physical universe, which can be visualized in actuality by aligning Magnitudes of Mass (Points, Planes and Spheres of Magnitude) on the inside-outside axis of this 4th spatial dimension. Elimination of Time as a variable, by freezing all motion and movement, enables us to separately consider the structure and function of the universe, so that we can clearly see its 4 spatial dimensional structure. Once we have a clear picture and mathematical model of the 4 dimensional structure of the universe as it actually is, we can then allow the universe to move again in order to add the dimension of Time. In other words, motion and movement (which is what Time is derived from) can be added as variables after the 4 dimensional structure of the universe is clearly established and defined.

Having eliminated Time, we now have before us a geometrical model of a 3-dimensional Space-Space Continuum on the axis of a 4th spatial dimension, which will enable us to examine both the 4-dimensional composite and 3-dimensional component structure of the physical universe, simultaneously. However, Space in and of itself is neither visible nor measurable, because it is only by means of the contents within space that space becomes measurable, so the first step is to identify constant structural Points of Magnitude in physical existence by which the 4th spatial dimension can be visualized and measured.

Spin and orbit are characteristic of all elemental magnitudes of mass in the universe. Galaxies are characterized by spin and orbit around a supermassive black hole center. Solar systems are characterized by spin and orbit around a star. Atoms are characterized by spin and orbit around an atomic nucleus. Axis of Spin can geometrically be considered as an axis of a 4th spatial dimension. Black Holes and Stars and Atoms and Particles are all characterized by Spin. On an inside-outside axis, these Points of Magnitude encompass all Magnitudes of Mass in the physical universe. Spin can be used to align these Magnitudes of Mass on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension.

Atoms are structural Points of Magnitude in physical existence. All physical substance and every physical form in the atomic-molecular universe are made of atoms, which combine and aggregate into molecular substance, structure and form. The entire atomic-molecular physical universe is thereby made out of atoms. Although we have considerable knowledge about the nature and mass of the 200 subatomic particles that have been found to exist, we also know, according to the Standard Model of Fundamental Particles and Interactions, that a substantial proportion of these particles are not part of the atomic structure of any atom in the Periodic Table of Atoms. Those particles that are not part of the structure of atoms are not part of the atomic-molecular structure of the physical universe, because until subatomic particles assemble themselves into atoms they cannot be molded into substance, structure and form as we know it. Atoms therefore are the structural physical boundary line and limit of the atomic-molecular physical universe. Theoretically, all hydrogen atoms materialized into physical existence through the Big Bang, and as there is no other known source for the hydrogen-atom fuel of the stars other than the Big Bang, hydrogen atoms collectively form a boundary, edge and physical limit of the entire atomic-molecular physical universe. Atoms therefore form a Line of Magnitude (Atomic Line) that exists as an identifiable boundary of constant magnitude in the physical universe, and this Atomic Line is a real physical boundary.

Stars are structural Points of Magnitude in physical existence. Stars are made of atoms, and all the atoms in the physical universe, with the exception of hydrogen and possibly deuterium, are created by nuclear fusion in the stars. When stars gravitationally implode their mass into a Black Hole, their mass ceases to exist in atomic form in the physical universe. Astronomical numbers of dying stars form Black Holes that implode atomic mass out of atomic-molecular physical existence. When one considers that the entire atomic mass of the physical universe theoretically materialized into physical existence through the Big Bang, and that atomic mass is imploded out of atomic physical existence through the Black Holes of dying stars, the entire atomic-molecular physical universe can be viewed as existing between the atoms and the stars. In this respect, stars are collectively a structural edge and boundary and physical limit of the atomic-molecular physical universe. Stars form a Line of Magnitude (Stellar Line) that exists as an identifiable boundary of constant magnitude in the physical universe, and this Stellar Line is a real physical boundary.

Subatomic Particles are structural Points of Magnitude in physical existence. Atoms are made of subatomic particles. Cosmic rays consist of subatomic particles. Quarks and Neutrinos are subatomic particles. Subatomic particles exist both within the structure of the atomic-molecular physical universe and outside of the atomic-molecular structure of the physical universe. Subatomic particles form a Line of Magnitude (Particle Line) that exists as an identifiable and constant magnitude beyond the magnitude of the Atomic Line, and this Particle Line exists and is a fundamental part of the universe.

Spin is a fundamental and universal pattern of Nature. Spin is a characteristic of singular points of mass in quantum mechanics: baryons, quarks, electrons, neutrinos. Spin is characteristic of singular magnitudes of mass of many magnitudes: Black Holes, Stars, Atoms, subatomic Particles. Stars are points in space. Atoms are points inside stars. Quarks are points inside the nucleon of atoms. Within the physical universe, there are no singular elemental magnitudes of spinning mass that exist between the magnitude of atoms (Atomic Line) and the magnitude of stars (Stellar Line). Stars and atoms and quarks constantly exist in the physical universe and can therefore function as mathematical constants that are mathematical Points of Magnitude. As the axis of spin can be considered to be an axis of a 4th spatial dimension, these singular points of mass can be aligned in a linear scalar array on their axis of spin as Points of Magnitude on the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension. As—Stars—Atoms—Quarks—are aligned inside each other in physical existence and are all spinning on the same dimensional axis, this linear scalar alignment is entirely consistent with physical reality.

Periodicity is a fundamental pattern of Nature. Periodicity is universally evident in the Periodic Table of Atoms (periodicity of mass) and Electromagnetic Spectrum (periodicity of energy). In quantum mechanics, energy can be viewed as either a particle (Point of Mass) or a wave (Line of Energy). All known energy in the universe can be aligned in a linear scalar sine-wave array: the Electromagnetic Spectrum. Mass is Energy in another form (E=mc²). The entire atomic-molecular physical universe is made out of atoms. All atoms in the physical universe can be aligned in a linear scalar array that has periodicity: Periodic Table of Atoms. Is it not therefore hypothetically possible that all singular Magnitudes of Mass in existence that are characterized by spin can be aligned in a linear scalar array that has periodicity?  

Temporally, as stars evolved into existence from assembly of atoms and atoms evolved into existence from assembly of subatomic particles, there is a linear evolutionary relationship between them such that each of these Points of Magnitude can be considered as an End-On Point of the Line of Evolution that formed them. Structurally, as stars are made of atoms and atoms are made of subatomic particles, these Points of Magnitude structurally exist simultaneously within their own respective 3-dimensional space that contains mass of their respective magnitude, and these magnitudes of space and mass are stereometrically arranged inside each other on an inside-outside spatial axis. Accordingly, in this Spectrum of Magnitudes Theory, we now have constant Points of Magnitude in physical existence that are aligned on an inside-outside axis which can be used to demarcate the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension. 

Inside-Outside Axis of 4th Spatial Dimension

 If Space is defined as a constant, it becomes theoretically possible to plot Space against Magnitudes of Mass aligned on the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension by using these defined Points of Magnitude characterized by spin: Stars, Atoms, Particles. 

 In this diagrammatic Space-Mass Magnitude graph of the universe, the Space of the universe is a 3-dimensional sphere with the diameter set as a mathematical constant. When the axis of the 4th spatial dimension is rotated 90° from End-On Point to Horizontal Line, the Space of the universe becomes an elongated sphere of constant diameter.

The Points of Magnitude described above—Stars—Atoms—Particles—are aligned on the inside-outside axis of a 4th spatial dimension that corresponds to their structural spatial relationship in physical existence. Although these Points of Magnitude differ enormously in relative size, they all exist within the spatial diameter of the physical universe, so the diameter of the spatial volume of the physical universe can be defined as a constant for all Magnitudes of Mass in the universe. Stars fill the space of the physical universe, and Atoms fill the space of the physical universe, and subatomic Particles fill the space of the physical universe, so each of these Points of Magnitude span the entire diameter of the physical universe. Geometrically, therefore, the Points of Magnitude on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension correspond to physical Lines of Magnitude that traverse the entire spatial diameter of the physical universe.

Galaxies are composed of Stars. Stars are composed of Atoms. Atoms are composed of Particles. Distance in the 4th spatial dimension between defined spherical magnitudes of mass (Galaxy, Star, Atom, Particle) can be quantified and standardized by measuring the distance from Circumference to circumference between each respective Sphere of Magnitude. Elliptical Galaxies are homogeneously composed of Stars. Stars are composed of Hydrogen Atoms. Nucleus of Hydrogen is composed of Quarks. Within a homogeneous Sphere of Magnitudes, distance in the 4th spatial dimension can be quantified and standardized quite easily. Geometrically, a Sphere is composed of Points. Within a Sphere homogeneously composed of Points, the average distance from the Circumference of Sphere to all geometrical Points within the Sphere is equal to the Radius of Sphere. This can be visualized by holding a Sphere in your hands that contains a single visible geometrical Point within its volume. Rotate the Sphere until the Point is aligned with the Center of Sphere. Now the Point is on a Line that is the Diameter of Sphere. The average distance from the Circumference of Sphere to all Points on the diameter Line within Sphere is equal to the Radius of Sphere. This methodology can be used for quantitatively modeling the physical universe in 4 spatial dimensions. 

 In actuality, however, even though the physical universe can be containerized within a 3-dimensional sphere of space, it is virtually impossible to see all magnitudes of mass that exists in the physical universe within a sphere. With our imagination, we can visualize all the galaxies in the universe in a sphere; we can visualize all the atoms in the universe in a sphere, but we cannot visualize both magnitudes simultaneously. We can visualize the sun as a sphere; we can visualize the atoms inside the sun within the same sphere, but it is virtually impossible for our instruments and eyes to see both magnitudes simultaneously, because these physical Spheres of Magnitude are uniquely separated from each other in space, which is measurable in terms of focal depth and focal distance. The reason it is impossible to see both Spheres of Magnitude (Star and Atoms) simultaneously is because the maximum dimensionality of anything we can see is three spatial dimensions, because vision itself is a 3-dimensional system (a 3-dimensional system in a 4-dimensional universe). But there is another reason of even greater importance: Science and the whole of mankind are blind to the existence of the 4th spatial dimension of depth in the universe! And unless you know that something is there, such as the top quark or quark-gluon plasma or the neutrino, you don’t look for it! And if you don’t look at something, you don’t see it. And if you do see something but deny or ignore its existence because it doesn’t fit your mindset, you stop seeing it as a relevant part of the data of the whole. And if large parts of a unified system cannot be seen, such as an entire spatial Dimension of Existence, the system is forever laced with puzzlements that don’t make sense.

 As a hematologist, I spent years of my life looking through the microscope at bone marrow cells and peripheral blood cells and subcellular organelles, and moving between the focal spheres and focal planes of these 3-dimensional magnitudes had always been a focally astounding experience for me. Moving from the sight of a human being I had known for months or years, to the sight of a macroscopic fragment of his or her bone marrow in my hand, to the orderly or devastating histological structure of her bone marrow under the microscope, to individual cells I knew intimately by their nature and their name, to subcellular organelles I knew to be but the visible surface of deep molecular structures and invisible magnitudes of atomic depth, and the knowledge that each of these magnitudes of 3-dimensioanl reality were striving to survive, each living and laboring in their own respective 3-dimensional space-time continuum without any knowledge of the existence of the other; penetrated my mind and soul profoundly! Through that experience I began to realize that the universe has a spatial DIMENSION OF DEPTH that exists on an INSIDE-OUTSIDE AXIS that is beyond the reach of scientific definition. And the only reason we constrain the depth of our existence to 3-spatial dimensions is because from the day we are born we are filtering the universe through our organic physical senses, and vision, through which we see and experience the world around us, is a 3-dimensional system. I began to realize that the existence of this INSIDE-OUTSIDE DIMENSION means that the entire physical universe has a 4th spatial dimension of depth! And when I realized this, I found myself tumbling into another whole DIMENSION OF EXISTENCE. I began to see more deeply than ever before. I began to see that each of the 3-dimensional focal planes of magnitude I had been looking at under the microscope extends contiguously not only throughout the surrounding environment but also contiguously throughout the Planet, and Solar System, and Galaxy, and Universe. A biopsy of a human being is a biopsy of the Earth, a biopsy of the Planet, a biopsy of the Solar System, a biopsy of the Galaxy, a biopsy of the Universe, a biopsy of the Cosmos, extending all the way from macroscopic surface to transatomic depth. I therefrom realized that the entire Planet and Galaxy and surrounding visible Universe can be serially sectioned into 3-dimensional Planes of Magnitude and aligned on an inside-outside axis that is geometrically a 4th spatial dimension. Like a macroscopic biopsy in hand, it then becomes virtually possible to hold Planet Earth in hand, the Galaxy in hand, the large-scale structure of the surrounding Universe in hand, and to systematically examine each composite whole and component part plane-by-plane on the inside outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension to see how it all fits together and how it works.

The inside-outside axis of this 4th spatial dimension of depth within the Spectrum of Magnitudes can be visualized by imagining a human being standing on Planet Earth and looking at the rising Sun. The human being is standing on the Stellar Line and looking at a Star. The physical eyes and brain and entire body of the human being, and the planet underfoot and Sun before his eyes, are all made of Atoms. So from the macroscopic locus of magnitude of the physical human eye, the Stellar Line is on the outside and the Atomic Line is inside, and the macroscopic magnitude of our physical body exists in a Plane of Magnitude between the atoms and the stars. Thus the axis of the 4th spatial dimension, and the axis of this geometrical model of the Spectrum of Magnitudes that passes between the atoms and the stars, is an inside-outside spatial dimension in physical actuality.

I think the most scientifically convincing way to see and realize the presence and significance of this added spatial dimension is to rearrange the physical universe on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension.

Spectrum of Magnitudes Aligned in Space

 Conceptually, the 4-Dimensional Universe plotted radially on Infinite Axes of the 4th Spatial Dimension (Chapter 3) showed how defined spinning Magnitudes of Mass can be aligned in the 4th spatial dimension, which forms a 4-dimensional composite model that depicts the structural depth of the universe. Geometrically, by rotating the axis of the 4th spatial dimension 90° from End-On Point to Horizontal Line, the Space of the Universe can be depicted as an elongated sphere of constant diameter, which forms a geometrical frame of reference by which defined physical Points, Planes and Spheres of Magnitude can be mathematically plotted in 4-dimensional space.

By plotting defined spinning Magnitudes of Mass (—Galaxies—Stars—Atoms—Particles—) on the horizontal axis of the 4th spatial dimension of this Elongated Sphere of Universe, a 4-dimensional composite and 3-dimensional component model of the universe can be formulated that simultaneously encompasses and geometrically displays all Magnitudes of Mass and Space in the Universe, defined and aligned as a Spectrum of Magnitudes in a linear scalar array.

In this Space-Mass Magnitude graph of the physical universe, Space is an elongated sphere around the axis of the 4th spatial dimension, and Points of Magnitude (Magnitudes of Mass) in the universe are plotted logarithmically on the axis of the 4th dimension. Magnitudes of Mass are plotted logarithmically so that the spatiality of Space maintains its vast relative proportion to mass at all magnitudes. However, Space in and of itself is not measurable, because it is only by means of the contents of space that measure becomes possible, so how can we plot Space against Magnitudes of Mass which are used as measuring points of space? Define Space as a constant. So Space in the diagram is the spatial diameter of the physical universe which is defined as a constant. This is possible even though the space of the physical universe is believed to be expanding because the universe is depicted here in one simultaneous moment of time, so motion and movement and the dimension of Time are removed as variables. 

In the Space-Mass Magnitude diagram, the sphere of the physical universe is pulled inside out as an extended sphere on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension, so the entire contents of the universe are aligned in the 4th spatial dimension and each Magnitude of Mass in the universe is externalized in its own respective space. Procedurally, this is accomplished on a single axis line of the 4th dimension, but concurrently this externalization is simultaneously happening at every point in the physical universe because every point in the composite 3-dimensional sphere of universe space is an End-On Point of a 4th dimensional Line, the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension.

In the diagram, exteriorization of the physical universe along the axis of the 4th dimension brings four schematic data sets into view: Points of Magnitude, Lines of Magnitude, Planes of Magnitude, Spheres of Magnitude. The 4th spatial dimension is marked and demarcated by the scalar alignment of Magnitudes of Mass characterized by spin that constitute the structural depth of the physical universe by existing inside each other—Galaxies—Stars—Atoms—Particles—termed Points of Magnitude. This is the Spectrum of Magnitudes plotted on a single axis line of the 4th spatial dimension. These Points of Magnitude exist throughout the Space of the physical universe; so in the elongated sphere of the 4th dimension, each Point of Magnitude on the axis of the 4th dimension forms a Line of Magnitude that spans the entire spatial diameter of the universe. These Lines of Magnitude are also a mark and measure of the 4th spatial dimension, because each Line of Magnitude corresponds to a locus on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension.

We now have the physical universe plotted horizontally on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension. The Space of the physical universe in which all Magnitudes of Mass are contained is geometrically defined as a composite 4-dimensional Sphere of Magnitudes. In the 4th spatial dimension, the sphere is elongated because each Point on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension corresponds to a component 3-dimensional Sphere of Magnitude having the same diameter as the space of the universe as a whole. As the axis of the 4th spatial dimension has an infinite number of loci or points that each corresponds to a 3-dimensional Sphere of Space, and as there are an infinite number of 3-dimensional spheres being plotted on the axis of the 4th dimension, the Space of the 4th dimension can be plotted as an elongated sphere. When the axis Line of the 4th dimension is rotated from horizontal to end-on Point, like rotating a tunnel from side view to end view, the elongation of Space recedes to where all Magnitudes of Mass in the Universe are contained within a single composite Sphere of Space. This image of a tunnel is quite apropos because that is exactly what the 4th spatial dimension is: a Space-Warp Tunnel!

By elongating Space in the 4th dimension, the inside-outside relationship of the 3-dimensional Spheres of Magnitude in the universe can be visualized and mathematically manipulated as a linear relationship. By this means, the insides of everything in the universe are pulled inside-out on a horizontal line so that the inside-outside spatial relationship of the physical universe becomes spread out with inside right and outside left, like sliding the overlapping cylindrical sections of a telescope open with inner cylinders right and outer cylinders left. By doing this, everything that was inside becomes outside so there isn’t any inside anymore. Yet nothing is really changed because that is the way everything always was and is, because every locus in the universe is surrounded by 3-dimensional space in all directions. Now that may sound a little word-weird but it is no more strange than this physical universe actually is in the 4th spatial dimension, because moving in a straight line on the inside-outside axis of the 4th dimension is movement through a space warp. It is like zooming outward through a telescope or zooming inward through a microscope except there is no telescope or microscope. So if one moves as a point of vision (Locus of Vision) inward through space from the loci of galaxies to stars to atoms to subatomic particles, Space remains infinitely vast in all directions, and the proportionality of Space to Mass remains vastly present at each Locus of Magnitude. With movement on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension, the 3-dimensional background of the physical universe is continually transforming into different Spheres of Magnitude, yet the ratio of mass to space in each Sphere of Magnitude remains proportionately similar. For example, at the Stellar Line of Magnitude, the stars look like stars in black space; and at the Atomic Line of Magnitude, the atoms look like stars in black space, proportionately speaking. By plotting the Magnitudes of Mass in the 4th dimension logarithmically, the atomic end of this Spectrum of Magnitudes is not compacted together and the relative spaciousness present within each Sphere of Magnitude is perceptually preserved in its own respective proportionality. 

The physical universe we are now looking at is an elongated sphere, a cylinder with rounded ends. Each Point of Magnitude on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension corresponds to a Line of Magnitude that spans the diameter of the universe. Representative Lines of Magnitude have been drawn in the Space-Mass Magnitude diagram. Each Line of Magnitude spans and transects the diameter of the universe into slices. In the diagram, the cylinder of Space is cut transversely at each Line of Magnitude corresponding to the Points of Magnitude on the inside-outside axis of the 4th dimension. A line-thin slice of 3-dimensional universe corresponding to each Line of Magnitude is removed, and these Planes of Magnitude are rotated 90° toward us to reveal what is inside of them. Each Line of Magnitude is a circular Plane of Magnitude that is the diameter of the universe, but each Plane of Magnitude is much more than a flat circle of universe when we enter it because it is a 3-dimensional Sphere of Magnitude that has the same spatial size and expanse as the entire space of the physical universe. So at each Line-Plane-Sphere of Magnitude, no matter where we travel in three dimensions, the entire physical universe is isotropic and consists of mass of the same relative magnitude: at the Hubble Line, there is nothing but galaxies in vast space; at the Stellar Line, nothing but stars and planetary bodies in vast space; at the human macroscopic magnitude of visual experience, everything in the physical universe is proportionately the same as experienced by unaided human vision on Earth; at the Atomic Line, nothing but atoms in vast space; at the Particle Line, nothing but sub- and non-atomic particles in vast space.

At the bottom of the Space-Mass Magnitude diagram, when we rotate the horizontal axis of the 4th spatial dimension 90° so that the horizontal Line becomes an end-on Point, the elongated component structure of the physical universe recedes once again into a composite Sphere containing all the 3-dimensional Spheres of Magnitude inside each other. This is depicted at the bottom of the diagram as a 4th dimensional tunnel during the rotation, and depicted in End-On View as 3-dimensional Spheres within Spheres within Spheres all having the same diameter within the single composite Sphere of the physical universe.

 If we plot the Spheres of Magnitude on the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension in proportion to Magnitudes of Mass rather than space of constant diameter, we have spheres within spheres within spheres, depicted as circles within circles. This depicts 3-dimensional Spheres of Magnitude inside each other on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension.  

 When we rotate the axis of the 4th dimension from end-on Point to horizontal Line, the circumferences of the Spheres of Magnitude become 3-dimensional Lines of Magnitude arranged in a cone. If, with the power of our consciousness vision, we stand inside the Cone of the 4th Dimension and look around, we can see what the 4th spatial dimension looks like with 3-dimensional vision. As we look right (inside) and left (outside) from our visual position between the atoms (right) and the stars (left), we cannot see the Spheres of Magnitude because these spheres are made of Space, and space in and of itself has no visible delineation. So all the Locus of Vision can see are 3-dimensional objects in 3-dimensional space. However, we can see the Lines of Magnitude, the circumference of each 3-dimensional Sphere of Magnitude, because the Lines of Magnitude are formed by the contents of space, the Magnitudes of Mass and objects in space such as the atoms at the Atomic Line (right) and stars at the Stellar Line (left). Now, from inside the Cone of the 4th Dimension, as we look right and left along the axis of the 4th spatial dimension, what is near appears large and what is far appears small in either direction, because the 4th dimension in space is a linear coordinate like any other spatial coordinate, like any other dimensional direction in space. It only seems different because our physical vision is locked in locus by sockets and limited by organic anatomical construction to one 3-dimensional Plane of Magnitude (Macroscopic Magnitude) between the atoms and the stars. So we have an inborn habitual tendency to view everything in existence relative to our Earthly locus of physical view, to our own particular macroscopic Locus of Magnitude on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension.

Now let’s see what happens when a Point of Vision moves on the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension. From within the Cone of the 4th Dimension, when we look outward to the left, we are always looking at a universe in space that appears to have no boundaries, such as we see when we look outward from the sockets of our eyes toward the stars at night. And no matter where we are in the cone, it always appears that we are at the base of the cone looking outward at a universe with no boundaries. Because as we move outward to the left on the axis of the 4th dimension, like we do when we zoom through space in the visual rocket of the Hubble telescope, we are still at the base of the cone looking outward at an unbounded universe, even though we have passed through larger and larger Lines of Magnitude (from Earth to Stars to Galaxies to Large-Scale Structure of the Universe). So no matter how far we go in an outward direction, the Cone of the 4th Dimension extends in length and follows us.

Now that we are able to move visually in the 4th dimension of depth, because our vision is no longer confined by sockets to the fixed-macroscopic Line of Magnitude of physical vision, we can visually experience the space-warp phenomena of the 4th spatial dimension. As we move through the Cone of the 4th Dimension, regardless of what Locus of Magnitude we are at on the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension within the cone, what is near appears relatively large and what is far appears relatively small in every direction, because size is relative to our Locus of Vision in space. So at the Atomic Line the atoms appear large and stars appear infinitesimally small, and at the Stellar Line the stars appear large and atoms appear infinitesimally small, because the apparent size of each respective Magnitude of Mass in space changes relative to our visual locus in space. Hence, when we look up at night from the macroscopic surface of Planet Earth, the Stars, which are enormously larger than the planet, appear infinitesimally small.

Such is the nature of optical illusion: What is close appears large—what is far appears small.

Now let’s turn around in the cone and look inward toward the right. On this tunneling line-of-sight in the 4th dimension, we see objects of smaller and smaller magnitudes of size in the distance, just as we saw “smaller and smaller” magnitudes of size when we looked outward to the left toward the stars in boundless black space. Looking inward, however, the tunneled Lines of Magnitude are coning smaller toward a horizon where everything converges to a point in the distance, the visible end-point of the tunnel. But as our Locus of Vision moves inward through the tunnel toward smaller Lines of Magnitude at the end—we see that the end is an end that doesn’t end! Because out of the horizon point of the tunnel in the distance, infinitesimally small Points of Magnitude keep appearing and expanding into circumferential Lines of Magnitude that keep approaching toward us as we move inward. And the size of everything is warping larger and larger toward us as we move inward, and a strange optical illusion is happening because we can experience our inward movement in either of two ways: either as movement through a tunnel—or as the tunnel moving toward and past our fixed position—such that everything in the tunnel is continually enlarging as it approaches us, and smaller magnitudes of size keep popping into appearance at the center of the warp. And as we continue inward through these warping Lines of Magnitude, another optical illusion occurs because there are enormous transformations taking place all around us with each infinitesimally small increment of distance we move as we sink inward. And the ratio of this transformation-in-size of surrounding environment to movement inward becomes so impressively enormous that we are barely cognizant of our forward movement at all, and we find ourselves immersed in space that is mysteriously transforming the entirety of existence around us, because the entire background environment of where we are keeps changing. And before anyone even realizes it, we have moved on the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension from a Macrocosmic perspective to a Microcosmic perspective of the Cosmos—because this is all imagination! And as imagination is movement of visual images in the Space of Mind that can only be seen by consciousness vision, this visual experience, this carefully planned and plotted adventure of mind sight moving inward as a Locus of Vision through the Cone of the 4th Spatial Dimension, belongs to the realm of Microcosmic Experience rather than Macrocosmic Knowledge. So, even though our minds can help us visualize what our physical eyes cannot see, and even though consciousness vision can provide us with visual food for thought that would not otherwise be possible for us to see and realize, I need to remind myself to stay focused on the formulation of the 4th spatial dimension. Because the first goal we must achieve is to scientifically realize that the entire universe is physically composed of and contains a 4th spatial dimension of depth. Then, after the 4th spatial dimension of depth is clearly established as a scientific fact of existence, we can virtually visually explore this newly defined spatial dimension in depth.  

The physical universe is by its nature a continuum of spatial relationships between masses of different magnitudes. It is possible to formulate a 4-dimensional frame of reference to which all Magnitudes of Mass in existence can be applied simultaneously in a single geometrical system. If we plot the Spheres of Magnitude described above as a cone of continuum on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension, so that we have plotted an infinite number of Spheres of Magnitude as a continuum around the End-On Point of the axis of the 4th dimension, we have a spiral inside a circle. This depicts the interconnectedness of an infinite number of Lines of Magnitude on the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension. If we extend the spiral of the 4th spatial dimension inward, the spiral becomes a helix and the helix becomes a tunnel: the helical tunnel of the 4th spatial dimension. This geometrically depicts the 3-dimensional Space-Space Continuum that exists within the 4 spatial dimensions of  the universe. 

 If we draw a line from the center of the spiral to the circumference of the outermost circle of magnitude, we have the Radius of Universe (R) in the 4th spatial dimension, for whatever universe (Universal Lines of Magnitude) we choose to define. 

If we plot the points of intersection of the 4th dimensional Radius of the Universe (R) with the Spiral of the 3-dimensional Space-Space Continuum in the 4th dimension, we have geometrically defined mathematical Points of Magnitude which are loci on mathematical Lines of Magnitude in a spiraling Spectrum of Magnitudes on the inside-outside axis of a 4th spatial dimension. If from the intersection Points of the Radius and Spiral, we draw circumferential Lines around the End-On Point of the axis of the 4th dimension, we have a geometrical model consisting of mathematically defined Points of Magnitude that form mathematically defined Lines of Magnitude that have periodicity within a mathematically defined Spectrum of Magnitudes, circles within circles around the axis of the 4th spatial dimension with each circle being a Line of Magnitude in a mathematical Spectrum of Magnitudes.  

Radius of Einstein’s Space-Time Model of Universe

 With the Circle and its Radius and its Spiral, we can geometrically and mathematically unify this 3-dimensional Space-Space Continuum model of the universe with Dr. Einstein’s Space-Time Continuum model of the universe, which has been the fundamental scientific way of thinking about the geometry of the universe.

If we take the Circle and its Radius and rotate it 90° to horizontal, the circle of 3-dimensional space becomes a cylinder and we are looking at Dr. Einstein’s original Space-Time Model of the Universe, in which Time is a 4th dimension of space in a Space-Time continuum. 

In Dr. Einstein’s original Space-Time Model of the Universe, the Radius (R) of Universe on the Space side of his Space-Time model was considered to be a mathematical artifice of a 4th spatial dimension that was not thought to be part of the real world, but which was needed in order to make his mathematical formulation work. However, as I have described, the 4th spatial dimension is clearly in evidence in the real world and is as much a part of the real world as the other 3 spatial dimensions. So the Spectrum of Magnitudes Space-Space continuum can be applied to the Radius of Universe (R) on the Space side of Dr. Einstein’s original model.

Each Line of Magnitude in the Spectrum of Magnitudes corresponds to 3-dimensional Space. If we apply the Lines of Magnitude from the Spectrum of Magnitudes to the Space side of Dr. Einstein’s model, we have cylinders within cylinders within cylinders with each cylinder representing a Space-Time Continuum for its respective Line of Magnitude. This is possible because the 4th spatial dimensional Radius (R) of Universe on the Space side of Dr. Einstein’s model is mathematically identical with the 4th spatial dimensional Radius (R) in the Spectrum of Magnitudes Circle-Radius-Spiral model.

If we plot an infinite number of Lines of Magnitude as a Spiral of 3-dimensional Space-Space Continuum (Spiral of Magnitudes) applied to the Space side of Dr. Einstein’s model, we have the 4th dimension of Space plotted at 90° right angles to 3-dimensional Space, and we have a mathematical model of the 4 spatial dimensions of the physical universe that encompasses every Magnitude of Mass in the universe. This Space-Space Continuum model can be applied to the universe or any segment of the universe or to the Cosmos as a whole by defining the outer and inner Lines of Magnitude that defines the 4th spatial dimensional radius (R).  

Now I don’t understand the intricacies of mathematical theory, but as I look at this geometry of 4-dimensional space, it appears to me that this Spiral of the 4th Spatial Dimension may be a path that potentially unifies the Theory of Relativity, which applies to the very large, with the Quantum Theory, which applies to the very small, and with the Superstring Theory (M Theory), which applies to the infinitesimally small, because the spiral path of the 4th spatial dimension traverses every magnitude and quantum of mass that can possibly exist, a mathematical continuum that extends without interruption through all possible magnitudes in the Cosmos. At least it does geometrically. Because as we follow the Spiral of the 4th Spatial Dimension inward, we are moving geometrically on a continuous line that traverses all magnitudes without interruption, in either direction as far as it is mathematically possible to go. So surely the Spiral of the 4th Spatial Dimensional must traverse the domains of these mathematical theories with an interrelated line of continuum. 

Cone of Magnitudes in Sphere of Universe

 This mathematical model of the 4th spatial dimension—Cone of the 4th Dimension in Horizontal View and Circle-Radius-Spiral of the 4th Dimension in End-On View—can be defined and applied to any sector of Space and Mass in any universe of any magnitude—such as a galaxy or universe or the entire Cosmos—wherever Lines of Magnitude can be defined.

 If the Lines of Magnitude are defined from within the physical universe (Galaxy Line, Stellar Line, Atomic Line, Particle Line), we have a conical model of a Spectrum of Magnitudes in a physical universe consisting of  4 spatial dimensions. This depicts a single sector of the previous illustration of the Sphere of Universe in Chapter 3, entitled 4-Dimensional Universe Plotted Radially on Infinite Axes of the 4th Spatial Dimension, which has now been mathematically defined in geometrical terms.

The galaxies are structural and functional physical units of the physical universe. As the entire physical universe can be depicted as a 4-dimensional Sphere, each galaxy in the universe can be geometrically represented as a 4-dimensional Cone sector of universe Sphere that has evolved sequentially from subatomic Particles to Atoms to Stars to visible Galaxy.  

 If the outermost and innermost Lines of Magnitude in the Cone of Galaxy are defined by the 4th dimensional limits of atomic existence in the universe (Big Bang and Black Holes), where the Big Bang is the implosion of baryonic mass into atomic existence and stellar Black Holes are the sites of gravitational implosion of atomic mass out of atomic-molecular physical existence, then it becomes possible to formulate a conical model for galaxy structure and evolution in the 4th dimension that extends all the way from Big Bang to Black Hole, a geometrical working model for galaxy structure and evolution that can incorporate all known Magnitudes of Mass in the universe.

 According to this Theory of Evolution, as will be clearly demonstrated through evidence, galaxies grow and materialize from inside outward from an ongoing Big-Bang process located in their “supermassive black hole” center, and the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution progresses in a continuum from irregular blue dwarf galaxy to elliptical galaxy to spiral galaxy morphology.

This Cone of Evolution depicts the evolving structure of the galaxy from the Big-Bang origin of its baryonic matter and hydrogen to star birth and star death and gravitational implosion of matter into 4th dimensional stellar Black Holes. If you expand this Cone sector into a Sphere of Universe, you will be looking at the previously depicted 4-dimensional Sphere of Universe that was coated with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) deep-field image, but you are looking at it through different mindset-framework lenses, lenses that are focused upon galaxy structure in 4-dimensional space. The long axis of the cone is the 4th spatial dimension, the 4th dimensional Radius of Universe in the universe Sphere and the 4th dimensional Radius of Galaxy in the Cone sector of the universe Sphere. The horizontal circles each represent 3-dimensional space, the space of a single galaxy, with each 3-dimensional space being occupied by a galaxy at various stages of evolution. There are two ways to construct the 4-dimensional structure of the Galaxy, through the Eyes of Time (Evolutionary Structure over Time) or through the Eyes of Space (Composite and Component Structure of the Galaxy). Through the Eyes of Space, the entire composite and component 4-spatial dimensional structure of the galaxy can be viewed in simultaneous time, as I will later demonstrate in the chapter entitled: The Cosmic Microtome, Dissection of Galaxy in 4 Spatial Dimensions. Through the Eyes of Time, the sequential evolutionary structure of the galaxy can be viewed over time, which is schematically represented above in 4 dimensions as Cone of Galaxy Evolution. Time, from a space-time perspective, is equivalent to Space, because Time can be viewed as the 4th dimension of Space. By selecting one magnitude of 3-dimensional view, in this case HST optical images of single galaxies, and by designating the 4th dimension of the Cone sector as Time, the HST optical images of the galaxies can be arranged in the cone according to their sequence of evolution.

As an illustrative example, from Big Bang beginning to present time, the apex origin for the Cone of Galaxy Evolution is formed by the Big Bang, which materialized all of the hydrogen that formed the atomic and stellar mass of the galaxy, irrespective of whether the galaxies are viewed as collapsing and colliding into present form or as materializing and growing from inside outward into present form. Hydrogenous Dark Nebula represents the period of cooling where jettisoned baryonic matter from the Big-Bang process fills the surrounding space with ionic and atomic hydrogen atmospheres that gather into nebulae. Pre-stellar Galaxy represents the gravitational collapse of hydrogen nebulae prior to thermonuclear ignition birth of stars. For the optical phase of galaxy evolution on the optical end of the cone, I have arranged the sequence of galaxy evolutionary structure from small immature galaxy to large mature galaxy, from blue dwarf to elliptical to spiral galaxy form. This is of course hypothetical at this point because as of this date science doesn’t know the step-by-step mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution and the cause-and-effect process that results in morphological transformation of galaxies into wholly different structural forms. There are theories about galaxy evolution, that the galaxies rippled apart after the Cosmos cooled following the Big Bang, that the galaxies gravitationally collapsed into their present form, that individual galaxies collided together resulting in their present form—but the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution has remained a mystery. What we do know, however, is that subatomic Particles came first and hydrogen Atoms came next and Stars came next, because stars are made of hydrogen atoms and atoms are made of quarks and gluon, so we know what had to come first and what had to come next. We also know for a fact that galaxies exist in space in precisely structured forms of various sizes—dwarf, elliptical, spiral—and that transitions in galaxy structure are evident at various look-back distances through the Hubble telescope as far away as 10 billion light-years ago. And we know that evolution occurs in stages and leaves footprints of its history in the structure of the universe. Hence, Darwin was able to formulate his theory for the Origin and Evolution of the Species by finding representative footprints of the structural sequence of evolution in the archipelago of Galapagos Islands. And once Darwin unveiled the pattern, the structural footprints of the evolutionary process were found by science to be present everywhere. So now the evolution of the species is evident in the taxonomy of the living species, and the phylogenic evolution of the human species is evident in the embryological structural transformations that take place during the 9 months from conception to gestation. Likewise, once the pattern and process of galaxy evolution becomes clearly unveiled, each structural stage of galaxy evolution will be right there waiting for us in the Hubble telescope’s deep-fields.

The Cone of Galaxy provides a geometrical framework as a working model for defining the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution, a continuum in the 4th dimension that extends from Particles to Atoms to Stars to Galaxy. Once we know the sequence of galaxy evolution, what we see with the Hubble telescope can be plugged into the optical end of this frame of reference. As a model that incorporates the 4th spatial dimension, when we look at a galaxy through the Hubble telescope, we are looking at the base of its individual Cone of Galaxy Evolution, which has its own history that extends back to its origin, which is the apex of the Cone. As a Cone sector of the universe Sphere, the Cone of Galaxy Evolution includes all of the fundamental processes of physical universe evolution, because the galaxy is the fundamental unit of the physical universe and embodies the process and products of universe evolution all the way from Big Bang to Black Hole, from formation to dissolution of atomic matter in the physical universe. If the physical universe did indeed begin from a single Big Bang, the apex of the Cone of Galaxy Evolution for each galaxy in the universe would be the Big Bang defined by the original theory as a geometrical Point of Singularity, which makes the Big Bang the point-of-singularity center of the Sphere of Universe in the 4th dimension. On the other hand, if there was more than one Big Bang, if there was an ongoing Big-Bang giving rise to each active galaxy, if there were 100 billion Big Bangs, as this theory is going to propose and strongly support through evidence, then the Cones of Galaxy Evolution and the Sphere of Universe in the 4th spatial dimension would look like the Cosmos on the frontispiece of the this treatise, entitled Sphere of Cosmos in the 4th Spatial Dimension.

Although at this stage of the treatise, this geometry of the galaxy may seem isolated and disconnected from the Big Bang Theory, which at this time is viewed by the scientific world as a singular Cosmos event that occurred one time in Cosmos history 10 to 20 billion years ago, I am setting the stage to demonstrate both in theory and through supporting evidence that the Big Bang is in fact a recurring cosmological event that has given rise to each individual active galaxy, that each Big Bang is an ongoing process that is physically taking place in the “supermassive black hole” density that exists at the nuclear center of every quasar and active galaxy, and that this ongoing Big-Bang process of hydrogen atom formation has resulted in and is continuing to result in galaxy birth, growth and evolution from inside outward. 

Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion Model of Big Bang

I think the Big Bang is too big and too singular as it is presently conceived (January 1999 issue of Scientific American, Revolution in Cosmology; October 2003 special issue of Sky & Telescope, The New Cosmology). I am still left stuck in empty black space wondering where that tiny little dynamite density came from that Exploded all Matter and Energy and Space and Time into existence in less than a second. Indeed, the notion that all the galaxies in the physical universe exploded out of one tiny little nearly infinite supermassive density said to be no larger than a human hand in infinite space, the notion that the entire baryonic and atomic mass of the 100 billion galaxies that each contain 100 billion stars and incomprehensible magnitudes of dark matter all exploded into physical existence in one single second of time, the notion that the entire cosmic microwave background radiation that fills the whole Cosmos is but the lingering embers of one single explosive blast that occurred in one single everlasting second of time 20 billion years ago—strains believability to the breaking point!

That is not the Pattern of Nature we see anywhere!

Everywhere we look, evolution is an ongoing process of repeating patterns, not a single solitary event. Everything we see in Nature has evolved by a step-by-step process that proceeds from simple to complex, which then grows and builds upon itself by the repetition of simple patterns. Every form in the physical universe has been added to existence by gradual assemblage: atoms, molecular structure, DNA, the Cell. The species, phylogenetically, and every living creature, embryologically, began as one cell which grew gradually cell by cell into tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms that are all entirely made out of cells. So every materialized form, from the Periodic Table of Atoms to the Phylogeny of the Species, has come into existence through the gradual stepwise process of evolution. And every time we piece together the Puzzle-of-the-Whole, we see a unified system that consists of Cycle and Circulation. And every form and class of form in existence manifests the same cycle: birth, evolution, senescence, death (dissolution). So atoms are born and atoms die, stars are born and stars die, galaxies are born and galaxies die, universes are born and universes die. This evidence of pattern persuades me to think that the hydrogen atoms that are the nuclear fuel for all the stars in all the galaxies, the nuclear fusion fire and light of the stars that are the atomic factories that form all the other atoms in the universe, must be the result of a recurring and ongoing process, which means that the “Big Bang” must be a recurring and ongoing event.

And the question is: How?

Everywhere we look in Nature, structure is related to function and function is related to form. So I think the structure of the universe must have evolved from the elemental pattern we see in evidence everywhere in the surrounding universe: the Galaxies! The Galaxy is the structural and functional unit of the entire physical universe, just as clearly as the Cell is the structural and functional unit of every living form, just as clearly as the Atom is the structural and functional unit of every atomic-molecular substance and form in physical existence. One very possible reason why the galaxies are homogeneously similar everywhere we look in the surrounding universe, even though some of them are 24 billion light-years apart from each other, is because that reflects the pattern of their origin and the site of their formation and evolution. So I propose that the physical universe has gradually evolved into existence over cosmological time by a repeated and ongoing pattern of Big Bangs that have separately materialized islands of baryonic and hydrogenous matter that have regionally given rise to each galaxy filled with stars, galaxy by galaxy by galaxy.

The reason the event of the Big Bang is scientifically so convincing to me is because we know for a fact that the galaxies and stars are made out of atoms, so we know what had to be formed first and what had to be formed next: first came the atoms, then came the stars. And as there is nothing in the physical universe that can make hydrogen atoms, the Big-Bang process explains how these atoms, the substance and fuel of the galaxies and stars, came into physical existence. But rather than considering the Big Bang as a single one-second event that occurred only once 20 billion years ago, let’s look at what happens when the Big Bang is viewed as a recurring Cosmos pattern, such as for example the Cosmic Gamma Ray Bursts that are being observed in the surrounding universe everyday. Wherever a process in Nature is repeated in an ongoing fashion, the result is a homogeneous pattern, and that is exactly what we see in the physical universe everywhere we look: a homogeneous pattern of galaxies. So it is quite reasonable to consider the possibility that the homogeneous distribution and location of each galaxy is the result of a local on-site mini Big-Bang that materialized an island of hydrogen in space that gradually gathered into stars and evolved into a single galaxy. A recurring mini Big-Bang process would explain the homogeneous galaxy pattern we see throughout the universe, and this premise of a Big Bang for every galaxy is no more fetched from afar than the hypothesis that the total mass of 100 billion galaxies materialized into existence in one single second 20 billion years ago.

 The Big Bang had to come from some kind of preexistent universe. Energy equals Mass (E=mc²). Mass is Energy in another form. If the atomic mass of all the stars and galaxies in the universe began as a “Big Bang”, then the Mass that materialized from the Big Bang must have been the result of an equal and opposite IMPLOSION OF ENERGY, because the supermassive density that gave rise to the Big Bang could not have come from nowhere out of nothing. Mass comes from Energy. So even though the first Big Bang was the beginning of physical existence of physical atoms in the universe, it had to be preceded by events that occurred within a preexisting universe capable of generating the gravitational conditions that formed the supermassive density that reached the threshold of the Big Bang. So that means that the first Big Bang was not the beginning of Space and not the beginning of Energy and not the beginning of Cosmos evolutionary Time.

In the history of the Cosmos, in order to have this implosion of energy into baryonic and hydrogenous atomic mass, there must have been a Universe of Energy and Particles that preceded the Post-Bang Atomic Universe, that preceded the first Big-Bang appearance of the hydrogen atoms that gravitated into the structure and fuel of the first stars. For we know what comes first and what comes next. First came the atoms, then came the stars. And we know that the simplest atoms, hydrogen and deuterium, came first and the remainder of the atoms in the Periodic Table of Atoms evolved later by nuclear fusion and nucleosynthesis in the stars. And we know that first-generation stars are made out of hydrogen atoms, so we know that the first fire and light of the first stars that became the first atomic factories in the physical universe were made out of hydrogen. And we know that hydrogen today, even after burning in the galaxies and billions of stars for billions of years, is still the most abundant element in the physical universe. But where does all this hydrogen come from? Hydrogen isn’t made by the stars! Hydrogen is the fuel that makes the stars burn! And there is nothing in this physical universe that can make hydrogen atoms. So there had to be a preexistent Universe of Energy and Particles that was the source of the supermassive density of the Big Bang that gave rise to all the hydrogen that has in turn given rise to all the stars that have in turn given rise to all the other atoms in the physical universe. Although helium had to be a major product of the original single Big Bang Theory, there is no need for helium to be formed by the Big-Bang process if the process is recurring and ongoing, nor does the evidence I have assembled indicate to me that helium is made anywhere but in the stars. 

Now, if there was a Universe of Energy and Particles that was sufficiently existent to Big Bang all the hydrogen atoms and atomic mass of this universe into physical existence 20 billion years ago, is that Pre-Bang Universe not still there? And if there was a process in place in a non-atomic Universe of Energy and Particles that culminated into enough gravitational force to form the supermassive density that strong-force fused (Big Bang) the first baryonic and hydrogenous matter into physical existence, is there any reason to assume that process is not still in existence now? And if the Big Bang occurred once, is it not just as plausible that the Big Bang has occurred more than once? Indeed, is it not just as reasonable to hypothesize that the Big Bang is a recurring and ongoing cosmological process that is the fundamental Pattern of Nature responsible for the origin of the Post-Bang Universe?

Why not?

If indeed there is a recurring mini Big-Bang process going on, I would like to suggest that the Big Bang is physically located inside the “supermassive black hole” center of each active galaxy, and that the center of the galaxy is where all this inexhaustible supply of hydrogen atoms is coming from that is fueling the growth and evolution of the galaxy. And through this recurring and ongoing Big-Bang process, the entire visible physical universe has gradually evolved galaxy by galaxy. 

If this recurring Big-Bang hypothesis is true to reality, then the cosmic microwave background radiation can be looked at as a manifestation of the Universe of Energy and Particles that gave rise to the gravitational implosion that resulted in the supermassive density that culminated in the Big Bang, rather than being the lingering result of a magically appearing Big Bang that occurred fait accompli in one second of Cosmos history 20 billion years ago. Furthermore, as the site of each mini Big-Bang is located in Space on coordinates that correspond to each galaxy region, the galaxy becomes a physical gateway into the Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles that produced the supermassive density of the Big Bang from which the galaxy evolved. As the galaxy is the structural and functional unit that the physical universe is composed of, the evolution of the galaxy isolates and frames the evolution of the universe from Big Bang to present physical form. The galaxy thereby becomes a doorway that leads all the way back to the evolutionary roots of its baryonic and atomic existence and the Universe of Energy and Particles that formed it, because each galaxy is bounded by two reciprocal ends of its atomic existence: the Big Bang and Stellar Black Holes. So with a recurring mini Big-Bang model for the origin of the physical universe, regardless of whether the Big Bang is viewed as an historical event of galaxy beginning that is lost from sight or as an ongoing process that is physically occurring within the “supermassive black hole” center of the galaxy, as this theory is going to propose and persuade through evidence, the sector has become representative of the whole. 

 If the galaxy is viewed as a conical sector of physical universe evolution that has arisen from a mini Big-Bang, then the visible galaxy can be viewed as a physical event horizon of its evolutionary past, where the present galaxy forms the base of its Cone of Evolution and the Big Bang forms its point of origin at the apex. However, if the Big-Bang is an ongoing process located within the “supermassive black hole” density in the center of the galaxy, the Cone of Galaxy Evolution reflects the step-by-step birth, growth and mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution, with each and every stage in the process of galaxy growth and evolution (End-On Points) being directly visible in the Hubble Space Telescope’s deep fields. 

The spiral galaxy clearly appears to be spinning. By its appearance, the galaxy must either be spinning centrifugally outward from center (like a centrifuge spinning mass away from center) or centripetally inward from periphery to center (like a vortical drain toward center). As growth from inside outward is a Pattern of Nature we see everywhere around us, it is reasonable to postulate that the galaxy has grown and evolved from inside outward. The center of the galaxy would then be the root, stem and source of galaxy growth and evolution. As I am convinced by the evidence I have seen and assembled herein that the galaxy indeed grows and evolves from inside outward, I would like to bring forward the possibility that the “supermassive black hole” center of the galaxy is the site of an ongoing Big-Bang process that is continuously exploding baryonic matter and hydrogen atoms into physical existence, which is then being jettisoned and centrifugally distributed outwardly as the substance and fuel of stellar and galaxy growth and evolution. As fresh food for thought, I have formulated this view into a new scientific theory for the Origin and Evolution of the Universe, which I will unfold in detail in the chapters ahead.  

Although the Big Bang is a theory, atomic-molecular physical existence is a fact, and the Big Bang is the best scientific theory we have to explain how the atomic mass of the physical universe materialized into existence. Black Holes are also a scientific fact, and Black Holes are innumerably present throughout the galaxy and thereby throughout the physical universe: supermassive black holes at the center of each active galaxy and innumerable black holes at the sites of star death throughout each galaxy. The existence of polar opposites is a fundamental Pattern of Nature. Energy equals Mass. Mass is Energy in another form. Energy and Mass are polar opposites. If the Big Bang is viewed as an implosion of particle Energy into atomic Mass and stellar Black Holes gravitationally implode atomic Mass out of atomic existence, then the Big Bang and Black Holes can be viewed as polar opposites. Likewise, the Big Bang and Black Hole are both manifestations of a 4th spatial dimension, so this implosion of atomic mass into and out of the physical universe is happening in polar opposite directions through the 4th spatial dimension.

The singularity of the Big Bang had to arise from events that took place in a Universe of Energy and Particles that preceded the existence of the Post-Bang Universe, because Mass (the supermassive density that gave rise to the Big Bang) does not come from nothing: Mass comes from Energy. Stellar Black Holes are evidence of a spatial dimension beyond the 3-dimensional atomic-stellar confines of the galaxy and physical universe. Schwarzschild mathematically and geometrically defined both a Black Hole and White Hole, which are mathematical polar opposites. The Big Bang is like a White Hole, the reverse of a Black Hole. As all stars rotate, their resulting Black Holes presumably rotate and spin also. It has been shown that rotating Black Holes can theoretically form “wormholes” to other universes. A “wormhole” is a 4th dimensional tunnel that has two openings: a door in and a door out between two separate 3-dimensional universes. The two openings into and out of the 4th spatial dimensional tunnel, “wormhole,” can be viewed as a Black Hole (entrance) and White Hole (exit) interconnecting two universes. The singularity of the Big Bang lies in the past of all events in the atomic physical universe, whereas the singularity of a Black Hole lies in the future relative to atomic physical existence. However, in a 4 dimensional model that describes the structural Process of Evolution as well as the temporal History of Evolution, defining “past” and “future” depends upon where “present” is placed in the process. If the “present” is placed in the Universe of Energy and Particles that must have existed prior to the Big Bang origin of the Atomic Universe, then it becomes possible to create a theoretical model for the origin of the Big Bang.

Rather than viewing the reciprocal geometrical relationship between Black Holes and White Holes as a function of Space-Time, cannot the reciprocal relationship be viewed as an implosion/explosion (contraction/expansion) reversal in the direction of Process? It seems to me that if we look at both sides of the “Big Bang” process in physical terms, as an implosion/explosion (contraction/expansion) process rather than just the expansion side from a Point of Singularity that begins as an incomprehensible supermassive density, a Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion Process can potentially define what must have taken place in order to reach the threshold of “Big Bang” particle fusion into the atomic nucleus of hydrogen within the  supermassive gravitational density of the original theory, the gravitational formation of which by definition would fulfill the criteria of a Supermassive Black Hole.

In this Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion Model for the Big Bang, there is a Universe of Energy and Particles that existed prior to the materialization of the Post-Bang Atomic Universe. Within the Pre-Bang Universe, free quarks and gluons were already in existence from a prior era of evolutionary formation. Events within the Universe of Energy and Particles led to gravitational gathering and implosion of free quarks and gluons into quark-gluon plasma within a supermassive gravitational density (Supermassive Black Hole). When the supermassive density of quark-gluon plasma reached the threshold of quark-gluon particle fusion (Big-Bang), pre-atomic particles were strong-force fused into stable baryons and hydrogen nuclei that exploded outward from the supermassive density from the force of the Big-Bang process, analogous to thermonuclear fusion in the stars that fuses hydrogen nuclei into helium with explosive release of solar energy. On the Universe of Energy and Particles side of this Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion process, a supermassive gravitational Black Hole was formed which created the density conditions necessary to reach the threshold of Big-Bang particle fusion which, in process-related terms, exploded outward as a White Hole, thereby separating the space of existence into two universes of different mass magnitude: Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles and Post-Bang Atomic Universe.

This provides a conceptual model for the cause of the Big Bang, a model in which the cause is just as accessible and subject to the laws of physics and scientific research as the result.

I have difficulty trying to envision the entire physical universe beginning from a single point, the Point of Singularity of the Big Bang. I understand how the red shift of the galaxies is evidence for the expansion of the intergalactic universe, and I understand how this expansion can be extrapolated back to a Point of Singularity, but when I consider the magnitude of what was going on at the time of the Big-Bang beginning of atomic physical existence, and the timeframes in which the origin of the universe is said to have occurred, I become somewhat confused: such that the physical universe is said to have come into existence from a single Big Bang that is roughly estimated to have occurred sometime between 10 and 20 billion years ago, and the Big Bang is said to have materialized the total baryonic mass of the entire physical universe into existence within one second and, according to one article I read recently about baryonogenesis during the Big Bang, “the creation of the excess baryons occurred when the universe was about one thousandth of a billionth of a second old.”

This is confusing because the scale of reference for the Point of Singularity of the Big Bang origin of the universe leaps back and forth between astronomically different orders of magnitude, from “universe” to “galaxies” to “subatomic particles” without clear distinction. Disorientation about the mass magnitude of the subject can occur because the word “Big Bang” is used interchangeably to describe the origin of the universe as a whole and the origin of atoms, without scientists remembering that they are talking about two separate scientific subjects that are at most only hypothetically related to a common cause: 1) the origin of the atoms, 2) the expansion of the universe as measured by the red shift of the galaxies. So the complex processes involved in the origin and evolution of the physical universe are being lumped together as a group around a term that was originally defined as a mathematical Point of Singularity. As a result, the origin of the total baryonic mass of the entire physical universe has been crammed into an unrealistic timeframe of a single second.

My sense of proportion has a lot of difficulty with the notion of a single-second Big BANG hurtling the galaxies apart for 20 billion years and leaving a slowly fading afterglow of cosmic microwave background radiation throughout the Cosmos as scientific evidence of a single immense historical explosion. By contrast, the Big Bang as the process that formed the hydrogen atoms seems like a very realistic theory because we know that atoms exist and we know what they are made of—that atoms are made of a nucleus and orbiting electrons, that the nucleus is made of baryons (protons and neutrons), and baryons are made of quarks and gluon—so we know what had to come first and what had to come next: first came the quarks and gluon, then came the baryons, then came the atoms when the atomic nuclei were coupled with orbiting electrons.

If the “singularity” of the Big Bang can be looked at as the threshold point that caused Energy to Mass conversion (particle Energy to atomic Mass conversion), analogous to the thermonuclear threshold that results in Mass to Energy conversion in the stars, rather than the Big Bang being looked at as the point of beginning of Space and Time beyond which “the laws of physics no longer apply”, there is more latitude to formulate a theory about what caused the Big Bang in the first place. Although Schwarzschild’s geometry of Black and White Holes was constructed from coordinates of Space and Time, this is a useful geometrical image to describe and formulate the Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion Process that is associated with Energy to Mass and Mass to Energy conversion, because it contains reciprocally opposite Event Horizons around a threshold Point of Singularity. If this geometry can be applied to the Magnitudes of Mass that result from gravity implosion that leads to threshold points that result in Mass/Energy conversion, then this geometry can be applied conceptually to the process of formation of Magnitudes of Mass that actually exist in the universe, namely, Particles and Atoms and Stars and Black Holes.

When the concept of the original Big Bang theory is expanded to include the gravitational process that must have occurred within a preexisting non-atomic universe in order for the supermassive DENSITY to form that could reach the original theory’s threshold of baryonogenesis, the site of the supermassive DENSITY in which the Big Bang occurs becomes a potentially definable finite mass in space (supermassive black hole density), and the process leading up to the Big Bang becomes accessible to scientific investigation. In the original Big Bang theory, we had suddenly found ourselves INSIDE the supermassive DENSITY of an unknown theoretical object at the precise instant that the Big Bang threshold was reached, and we watched the process as we were exploded outward and expanded with the products and results of the Big Bang. In this recurring and ongoing Big-Bang theory, we are OUTSIDE the supermassive DENSITY of a finite orb that is being formed in space, and watching the gravitational process that leads to the supermassive orb’s formation, and the processes inside the orb that lead to the Big-Bang threshold of particle fusion, and the products of the Big-Bang exploding out of the orb, and the sequence of evolutionary changes that are occurring in the space surrounding the supermassive gravitational density.

Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion is a geometrical model that can see both sides of the process: Gravity Implosion in a preexisting Universe of Energy and Particles resulted in a finite supermassive DENSITY (equivalent internally to the supermassive DENSITY of the original Big Bang theory) that fulfills the gravitational criteria of a supermassive Black Hole  from which the captured particles and particulate energy cannot escape (Event Horizon), and within which particles and energy reach a critical threshold (Big-Bang) where they become strong-force fused into stable Particles of Mass (Points of Magnitude. The Gravity Implosion side of this Big-Bang process thereby becomes another magnitude of the same fundamental Pattern of Nature, because this is identical to the gravitational process that forms Stars from Atoms and Black Holes from Stars.

In order to be able to define the Gravity Implosion side of this process in particle and atomic mass terms rather than space-time terms, we need to find a way to see beyond the vision barrier of the Event Horizon that defines the gravitational mass of Black Holes. Black Holes have no surface. Black Holes are caused by a definable force of gravity that exceeds the escape velocity of light, hence their name. The spherical “surface” of the Black Hole is defined by the Event Horizon that marks the boundary where it is impossible for photons to escape the gravitational force of its invisible mass. When you think about it, the concept of Event Horizon as a gravitational measure of a Sphere of Magnitude can be applied to the Gravity Implosion side of the process that forms a Star in a similar way that the concept is applied to define the gravitational force of a stellar Black Hole, even though the gravitational density involved is an order of magnitude less and doesn’t exceed the escape velocity of light. The gravitational Event Horizon within a nebula that forms a Star is defined by the gravitational force that irreversibly captures hydrogen atoms; the gravitational Event Horizon for a stellar Black Hole is defined by the gravitation force that irreversibly captures photons of light, so the outer “surface” of these invisible Spheres of Magnitude are gravitationally comparable as an “Event Horizon”. Supermassive Black Holes, by contrast, are the greatest known gravitational densities in the entire universe. Rather than just viewing these supermassive densities in relationship to the escape velocity of light, I am going to propose and persuade through evidence that these supermassive Black Holes are in fact the site of the ongoing Big-Bang process that has and is continuing to give rise to the Post-Bang Physical Universe.  

—Particles—Atoms—Stars—Black Holes—

When I spread these Magnitudes of Mass into a linear evolutionary sequence, it makes me wonder about the evolution of the pre- and non-atomic particles. Why has science concluded that all the quarks in the universe were all formed in one SECOND? The evolution of the Atoms, and evolution of the Stars, and evolution of the stellar Black Holes are processes that each took eons of evolutionary time. Why should the quarks be any different? On an octaval scale of magnitudes, given the fact that quarks are the elemental particles that form the nuclear structure of every atom in the entire physical universe, doesn’t the process of their evolutionary formation seem just as awesome as each of the processes that resulted in the other Magnitudes of Mass? Perhaps this process of evolution extends much deeper into the depths of Cosmos past than we ever imagined. Perhaps there is a whole universe of quarks and non-atomic particles that was already in existence long before the first Big Bang ever fused these particles into atomic nuclear form. Perhaps there was an evolutionary process that occurred in a Universe of Energy that gave rise to a whole Universe of Particles that has been in existence and evolving into a periodic table of diverse particle forms for eons! And if like me you think that this may be so, doesn’t it make you wonder about the sequence of their evolution and the elemental nature of the Pre-Bang Universe, too?

Even if Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion is the fundamental pattern responsible for universe evolution, science is not able to see beyond the Big Bang to see what caused it, and not able to see beyond the event horizon of the Black Hole to see what is inside it. In the visible universe surrounding us, however, within the evolutionary sequence that extends from Big Bang to Atoms to Stars to Black Holes, we are able to see both sides of the Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion process very well in stellar evolution. By extrapolating the pattern of gravitational formation of a pre-stellar density of atomic mass leading to thermonuclear ignition of stable stars, we may gain insight into the gravitational side of the process that formed the supermassive density that gave rise to the Big Bang on a much larger scale of magnitude.

The Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion Model illustrates both sides of the process leading to the formation and birth of stars. Stars are formed by the gathering and gravitational collapse of hydrogen atoms (Gravity Implosion); unopposed gravitational implosion creates thermodynamic conditions that reach the thermonuclear threshold of star birth (“big-bang” threshold); hydrogen is fused into helium and atomic energy is released from the newborn star (Energy Explosion). In the Implosion—Explosion illustration below, the White Hole is the orb of star; the Black Hole is the gravitational Event Horizon that defines what hydrogen atoms are irreversibly destined to become the atomic mass and nuclear fuel of the star.  

 Although the hydrogen containing nebula from which the star is formed is not conveniently demarcated by Nature into a geometrical sphere, the gravitational event horizon within a nebula of known atomic density destined to collapse into a star is definable in terms of total atomic mass, because at the time of thermonuclear star ignition the total atomic mass of the star is equivalent to the total atomic mass of the regional area of nebula that collapsed into stellar form. The gravitational collapse of atoms within the nebula then becomes counterbalanced by thermonuclear explosion and a star is born as a stable Sphere of Magnitude. When a star expends its thermonuclear fuel and dies, the cycle is repeated and the star gravitationally collapses and is imploded into a stellar Black Hole, another stable Sphere of Magnitude observed within the universe. 

If you look at this Cone of Gravity Implosion as a Tunnel of Time extending from Hydrogen Nebula to Star to Black Hole, with the geometrical center of each Sphere of Magnitude being the same point in space aligned on the 4th dimension of Time (Sphere of Magnitude changing over time) and the circumference of each Sphere of Magnitude being the gravitational event horizon of its respective constituent mass, and you rotate the Cone of Gravity Implosion 90º so the Spheres of Magnitude are superimposed radially on an inside-outside axis within a composite Sphere of Space (End-On View of a Vortical Tunnel in Space), such that a star having a gravitational force equivalent to a stellar black hole is surrounded by a hydrogen nebula of equivalent atomic mass magnitude, it becomes possible to examine the relationships between these Spheres of Magnitude in another 4-dimensional way.

Astrophysicists have defined each stage of stellar evolution. Stars are formed by the gravitational collapse of hydrogen nebula and implosion of hydrogen atoms that are compacted together until they reach the thermonuclear threshold of nuclear fusion, at which point thermonuclear explosion counterbalances the force of gravity, and these opposing forces stabilize into a new equilibrium called a Star. By formulating this process as a Circle, Radius and Spiral, it is possible to geometrically frame all the stages of stellar evolution as a mathematical model in 4 spatial dimensions. From the geometrical center of an area of gravitational collapse within a star-forming nebula, a series of concentric 3-dimensional spheres of defined radial diameter can be defined for each observed stage of pre-stellar and stellar evolution. Within the nebula of hydrogen from which a star is formed, gravitational margination occurs that separates the hydrogen destined for gravitational collapse from the hydrogen atoms left behind in the nebula, which can be considered the “surface” (Event Horizon) of a pre-stellar gravitational region of atomic mass beyond which it is impossible for hydrogen atoms to escape, analogous to the Event Horizon of a Black Hole. This gravitational process that occurs in a dense cloud of hydrogen gas defines the number of hydrogen molecules and atoms that are marginated out of the nebula and compressed into the substance and spherical form of the star, with the number of atoms captured by Gravity Implosion determining the size of the star. Each stage in the process of gravitational collapse is a 3-dimensional Sphere of Magnitude, which in sequence forms numerous 3-dimensional Spheres of Magnitude aligned on the radial axis of their gravitational collapse, each of which can be added as a Circle of Magnitude in the Cone of Implosion. However, from nebula beginning to thermonuclear birth, stellar evolution is a continuous process consisting of a continuously changing Sphere of Magnitudes. The entire process can therefore be represented as a Spiral of Magnitudes in a 4th dimension (Radius of Gravity Implosion), with each point in the spiral corresponding to a 3-dimensional Sphere of Magnitude. By defining the outer circumference of the Gravity Implosion Event Horizon and its radial diameter within the nebula that gravitationally collapses into the star, and the circumference and radial diameter of the resulting star at the time of thermonuclear birth, the 4th dimension of stellar evolution is framed in space by their Circle, Radius and Spiral.

Viewed from this perspective, implosion inward and explosion outward can be viewed as occurring on the axis of a 4th  dimension. 

If the Big Bang was a threshold point in a similar process, such that gravitational gathering and implosion of quarks and gluons into quark-gluon plasma formed a finite supermassive gravitational density that reached the Big-Bang threshold that resulted in strong-force fusion of quark-gluon plasma into hydrogen atom nuclei, then the events leading up to the formation of the supermassive DENSITY within the Pre-Bang Universe can be formulated in the same way. When the Big Bang is viewed in this way, as a threshold of particle fusion in a Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion Process rather than a Point of Singularity of Time and Space, the site of the supermassive gravitational density in which the Big Bang occurs is a supermassive black hole! And scientists have demonstrated that there are supermassive black holes in every quasar and in the center of every active galaxy in the universe!

 If the supermassive black holes in quasars and galaxies are in fact the site of the Big-Bang, as the evidence I have assembled in this treatise strongly indicates, then the Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion process is a fundamental Pattern of Nature that is occurring all the way from Big Bang to Black Hole: from Big Bang implosion of pre-atomic Particles into elemental Atoms, to implosion of Atoms into Stars, to implosion of Stars into Black Holes, such that this pattern spans all Magnitudes of Mass within the physical universe from the very beginning to the very edge of atomic physical existence. By determining the sequence of steps that form each of these measurable Magnitudes of Mass (supermassive black holes, quasars, hydrogen nebulae, stars, stellar black holes), we will be able to cone in and define the lines of evolution that extend all the way from Big Bang to Black Hole, while clearly defining the relative magnitudes of mass and processes we are framing into view for each stage and sequence of physical universe evolution.

If quarks and gluons are imploded into quark-gluon plasma in a supermassive density that strong-force fuses them into elemental atoms (original Big Bang theory), and atoms are gravitationally imploded into stars, and stars are gravitationally imploded into stellar black holes, then this recurring implosion pattern can be extrapolated in theory to include the process of formation of non-atomic particles as well, such that Energy is imploded into pre- and non-atomic Particles. Implosion of Energy into pre- and non-atomic quarks and gluon can theoretically occur within the same spatial location and timeframe as the baryonogenic process of elemental atom formation (original Big Bang theory), or can be viewed as occurring independently in another Cosmos octave of Energy to Mass conversion in a prior cosmological era, giving rise to an entire Pre-Bang Universe of Particles (present Big Bang theory).

 Telescopically, through the eyes of astrophysics, we see 3-dimensional static images of structures in space (supermassive black holes, quasars, atoms, diffuse hydrogen nebulae, stars, galaxies). In order to understand the forces and processes involved in the evolution of each of these 3-dimensional structures, we have to be able to accurately assemble the static 3-dimensional images in proper sequence to visualize each step in their respective process of formation. It is like assembling a theoretical motion picture from static 3-dimensional images so that each frame can be viewed in sequence. Then, when the 3-dimensional structures and stages are accurately aligned, we are able to see the morphological transformations taking place, image-by-image-by-image, that threads the pieces of process together into each astronomical whole. It is like comprehending how a tree grows from seed to full-grown form. We were able to recognize the process by accurately aligning the seed, sprouting root and thread of stem, sapling, tree, Tree and TREE into their actual growth-by-growth sequence.

In order to be able to thread together Particles, Atoms, Stars, Galaxies and Universe into a single interrelated system, we need to have a method by which we can align the myriads of static 3-dimensional images of structure and form into a sequence that renders the process of their formation visibly and verifiably evident. The method I have used throughout this treatise to unfold the 3-dimensional stages of the evolutionary process clearly into sight consists of accurately aligning each 3-dimensional stage of galaxy and physical universe formation on the axis of the 4th spatial dimension.

 Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory by Paul Hollister, M.D. Copyright 2004

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