As subatomic Particles form Atoms and Atoms form Stars and Stars form Black Holes, and as each of  these Magnitudes of Mass are definable Points of Magnitude in a Spectrum of Magnitudes arranged inside each other on the inside-outside axis of a 4^th spatial dimension, I have incorporated these concepts into a scientific theory that encompasses the evolution of the Cosmos and Universe.

First, I am going to formulate a geometrical structure of the Cosmos and universe in a 4^th spatial dimension that encompasses the origin of the Big Bang and the structural and functional significance of Black Holes as Points and Lines of Implosion. Second, within the context of this 4-Dimensional Model of the Cosmos, I am going to present a new theory for the Origin and Evolution of the Physical Universe based on a modification of the original Big Bang theory. This theory will assert that a recurring and ongoing Big-Bang process is more logical and more consistent with the evidence we see than a single Big Bang that occurred only once 20 billion of years ago. This theory will also assert that each galaxy began from a process that occurred in a coexisting Universe of Energy and Particles, that non-atomic energy and particles gravitationally gathered, coalesced and imploded into a supermassive density (Schwarzschild’s Black Hole) which was destined over time to become the supermassive black hole center of each active galaxy. This means that the supermassive black holes in quasars and active galactic nuclei are equivalent in physical nature to the supermassive density of the original Big Bang theory except that the site of the process is located in a definable finite sphere that is actually known to exist. This theory will assert that within the supermassive black hole at the center of each active galaxy there is visible evidence for an immense, ongoing Big-Bang process (Schwarzschild’s White Hole) that results in a massive and continuous flow of hydrogen atom formation that is the root source of galaxy growth and evolution. This theory will also describe how the supermassive black hole at the center of each active galaxy and stellar black holes in the periphery of each galaxy create incoming and outgoing channels that result in a galaxy-based Cycle and Circulation of Energy/Mass between the Post-Bang Atomic-Stellar-Galaxy Universe and Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles, such that this process provides science with both a reflection of and doorway into the structure and function of the pre- and non-atomic Universe of Energy and Particles that causes the Big Bang. 

From a Circle, Radius and Spiral, with the Radius of the Circle and Spiral being the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension, it is possible to make a geometrical and mathematical model of the entire Cosmos, including all of its universes. This can be done by defining the intersection points of the Radius with the Spiral as Points of Implosion of defined Magnitudes of Mass—Particles, Atoms, Stars—that are in a state of Mass/Energy Equilibrium within the Spectrum of Magnitudes that constitutes the substance and structure of the Cosmos and Universe. Points of Magnitude (Particles, Atoms, Stars) in the Spectrum of Magnitudes are physically structurally arranged on an inside-outside axis with mathematical precision, because Stars are made of Atoms and Atoms are made of Particles according to fixed physical laws that are mathematically definable. On an inside-outside axis (R), these physical Points of Magnitude can be aligned according to mass magnitude as a Spectrum of Magnitudes in the 4^th spatial dimension. Compositely, all corresponding Points of Magnitude in the Universe and Cosmos can be aligned on the inside-outside radial axis of the 4^th spatial dimension, as was explained earlier. With the 4^th spatial dimensional Radius of Universe and Cosmos mathematically demarcated by defined physical Points of Magnitude (Particles, Atoms, Stars), the Spiral of the 3-Dimensional Space-Space Continuum defined by the 4^th dimensional Radius of Cosmos forms a Spiral of Magnitudes that is mathematically demarcated by defined Points of Magnitude in the Spectrum of Magnitudes. Each Point of Magnitude in the Spiral of Magnitudes corresponds to a 3-dimensional Line of Magnitude that extends throughout the Universe (Particle Line, Atomic Line, Stellar Line), which provides a mathematical means of scientifically defining and demarcating Universes according to magnitude within the Cosmos.

The forces that bind all these Magnitudes of Mass together (particle interactions, nuclear strong force, electromagnetic force, force of gravity) are governed by universal laws that are mathematically definable. Nuclear Strong Force binds quarks and gluons into atomic nuclear form. Electromagnetic Force binds electrons to atomic nuclei, which binds atoms and molecules together into atomic-molecular substance, structure and form. Gravity binds humans to earth, planets to stars, stars to the supermassive black hole at galaxy center. The bounding limits of the Atomic-Molecular Physical Universe can be defined by the physical limits of atomic existence. Thereby the Atomic-Molecular Physical Universe can be viewed as existing between the Atoms and the Stars, between the Atomic Line and Stellar Line, because atoms do not exist until particles are bound together by the nuclear strong force (Big-Bang particle fusion) and cease to exist in atomic form within stellar black holes.

On the inside-outside radial axis of the 4^th spatial dimension, the nuclear strong force at the particle level and electromagnetic force at the atomic level and force of gravity at the planetary, stellar and galaxy level are all acting in the same direction, all summating in an inward direction, all acting as an implosion force on an inside-outside axis: nuclear strong force holds particles within the atomic nucleus, the release of which is atomic nuclear explosion; electromagnetic force holds electrons in orbit around the atomic nucleus; gravity holds the moon and man inward on an axis toward the center of earth, holds the nuclear inferno of each star together, holds all the stars in orbit around the supermassive black hole at galaxy center, and holds the magnitudes of mass together that define the gravitational force of black holes. And, as will be described as we cone into each of these magnitudes in this treatise, there is an overlapping interrelationship between these forces on the inside-outside axis of the 4^th spatial dimension.

Corresponding to each of these Points and Lines of Magnitude, there are corresponding Points and Lines of Implosion that bind and separate the Spectrum of Magnitudes into definable Universes. 

 Mini Black Holes separate particles from anti-particles, which forms the Particle Universe. Supermassive Black Holes fuse particles into the atomic nucleus of hydrogen, which forms the Atomic Universe. Hydrogen gravitationally collapses to the point of thermonuclear fusion, which forms and ignites the Stellar Universe. Stellar evolution sequentially fuses the periodic table of atoms into existence, which form the Atomic-Molecular Universe. Atomic energy depleted stars gravitationally collapse into Stellar Black Holes.

Each Point of Magnitude (Particles, Atoms, Stars) can thereby be considered a Point of Implosion, which is definable in terms of the force that forms and binds each respective Magnitude of Mass into steady state physical existence. Points of Implosion (Black Holes) in this theory are defined by the Implosion side of the Implosion/Explosion process that forms Magnitudes of Mass that are in a sufficient state of Mass/Energy Equilibrium that they are recognizable and definable as constant physical Points of Magnitude in the Spectrum of Magnitudes that constitute the structure of the Universe and Cosmos.

The origin of the supermassive black hole density that gave rise to the Big-Bang threshold is unknown to science. However, quantum gravity opens doors to theoretical possibilities that can potentially integrate the forces and process of evolution into a unified theory. If the graviton, for example, was involved in the formation of the Mini Black Holes that separate particles from anti-particles, such that graviton containing particles formed the gravitational core of the Mini Black Hole and the anti-particles dissipate into surrounding space as unbound energy, then the graviton-particle containing Mini Black Holes could conceivable coalesce and amass into the Supermassive Black Hole which reaches the Big-Bang threshold conditions of strong-force fusion of particles into baryons and the atomic nucleus of hydrogen. From this quantum gravity point of view, the graviton exists at the particle level and is responsible for the force of gravity that forms mini black holes that coalescence and gravitationally collapse into the supermassive black hole density that reaches the threshold of the Big Bang. If you consider the graviton to be the result of particle-particle interaction and coupling that forms a stable particle of mass having gravity potential that is immune from anti-particle annihilation, then there is a theoretical means at the quantum level for stable particles to form and gather and collapse into gravitational black holes. This gathering is analogous on another scale of magnitude to the coupling of hydrogen ions with electrons to form stable hydrogen atoms, and atom-atom interactions that double the mass of neutral hydrogen atoms into hydrogen molecules that gather into nebulae and gravitationally collapse into stars. The separation of particles from anti-particles would be rendered permanent by the stable coupling of particle-particle interaction into stable new particle form, and the polarity of the universe could thereby be locked into existence by the materialization of polarized particle energy into stabilized particles of mass that have intrinsic gravity force potential. The unstable anti-particles would then be left as charge polarity dissipating in surrounding space, perhaps into a form of detectable energy such as the cosmic microwave background radiation.

In the space of our minds, we now have a Universe of Energy and Particles that has the intrinsic gravitational potential to form a supermassive black hole density of sufficient magnitude to reach the threshold of Big-Bang fusion of stable particles (quarks and gluon) into atomic nuclear form (hydrogen ions) in a polarized anti-particle milieu (electrons) that no longer annihilate each other but instead result in synchrotron motion and the electromagnetic force that is the fundamental characteristic of the Atomic Universe.

 As the Points of Magnitude in the physical structure of the universe (Stars, Atoms, Particles) are locked in relationship on an inside-outside axis into their physical form with mathematical precision, such that stars are made of atoms and atoms are made of particles, aligning these Points of Magnitude on the inside-outside axis of the 4^th spatial dimension aligns these Magnitudes of Mass into a Spectrum of Magnitudes. By plotting the Spectrum of Magnitudes as a radial graph in the 4^th spatial dimension, the Cosmos and Universes can be compositely formulated as a 4-spatial dimensional Sphere, with each 3-dimensional Point and corresponding Line of Magnitude in the Cosmos aligned on the inside-outside axis of the 4^th spatial dimension. By plotting these defined physical Points of Magnitude (Particles, Atoms, Stars) on the inside-outside radial axis of the 4^th spatial dimension of the Universe and Cosmos, the location of Points of Magnitude and their corresponding Points of Implosion (Black Holes) can be mathematically anchored in the 4^th spatial dimension as mathematical loci.

As each defined Point of Magnitude corresponds to a Point of Implosion, each Line of Magnitude at the intersection of the Radius with the Spiral of Magnitudes also corresponds to a Line of Implosion on the radial axis of the 4^th spatial dimension, so that each Point of Implosion (Black Hole) corresponds to a Line of Implosion binding and separating the Planes of Magnitude in the Spectrum of Magnitudes. The threshold of the Big-Bang process that strong-force fuses subatomic particles into atomic nuclear form (Atomic Line) occurs in a supermassive black hole density, which forms an interconnecting and divisionary boundary line between universes of different mass magnitude (Black Hole Implosion Line separating Universe Magnitudes). As we do not know the precise pre-atomic process that gave rise to the supermassive density that resulted in the Big Bang, the Pre-Bang Universe that gave rise to the supermassive black hole density of the Big Bang can be compositely viewed as a Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles. 

 This geometrically demarcates a mathematical boundary line in space between the Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles and Post-Bang Universe of Atoms and Stars in the 4^th spatial dimension. The Supermassive Black Hole is the Line of Implosion that separates the Pre-Bang from Post-Bang Universe, and the result of the Big-Bang process of particle fusion is hydrogen, which is the origin of the Atomic Line. We now have spatial lines of demarcation between the universes in the 4^th spatial dimension (Lines of Universe Magnitude), which form a mathematical array of universes in the 4^th spatial dimension (Spectrum of Universe Magnitudes). This depicts the Cosmos in the 4^th spatial dimension as a 4-dimensional Sphere consisting of a Spectrum of Magnitudes separated by Black Hole Implosion Lines, the Gravity Implosion side of the Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion Process.

If the Lines of Universe Magnitude (Black Hole Implosion Lines that separate the universes) are plotted on the radial axes of the 4^th spatial dimension, then the universes are arranged as a Spectrum of Magnitudes within a 4-dimensional Sphere of Cosmos contained within infinite boundless space. This depicts all the universes in the Cosmos as spherical layers spatially arranged inside each other, with the outermost layer unbounded. The outermost layer is unbounded because the outer advancing edge of Cosmos evolution has not yet been closed by implosion into a new layer of mass magnitude, as far as we have seen so far. In this radial array, each radial axis line of the 4^th spatial dimension corresponds with the 4^th dimension axis line in the Spectrum of Magnitudes. So two Lines of Magnitude in this Sphere of Cosmos Model correspond with the two Lines of Magnitude that define the origin and limits of atomic-molecular existence in the Physical Universe: the Atomic Line and Stellar Line, because the atomic mass of the physical universe was imploded into physical existence through the Big-Bang process that strong-force fuses subatomic particles into atomic nuclear form, and atomic mass is imploded out of atomic-molecular physical existence through Stellar Black Holes. 

If we shell out the layer of the atomic-molecular physical universe on the radial graph of the 4^th spatial dimension, we can visualize a model that may account for why the physical universe appears to be expanding. According to this hypothesis, the origin and evolution of the atomic-molecular physical universe is happening galaxy by galaxy from inside outward on the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension, with each galaxy arising from a Big-Bang process occurring inside a supermassive Black Hole at galaxy center. The Big-Bang process at galaxy center forms hydrogen atoms that in turn gravitationally implode into stars, which explode into solar energy until the stars gravitationally collapse and implode their atomic mass out of atomic existence through Stellar Black Holes. In the 4^th spatial dimension, the Post-Bang Universe is like a hollow ball which has gradually materialized and evolved into atomic, stellar and galaxy form by a recurring process of Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion (Big Bang) forming elemental atomic mass at its inner spherical surface, from where each galaxy in the universe has evolved outward. Between the Atomic Line and Stellar Line, the accumulating atomic hydrogen mass produced by the ongoing Big-Bang process expands and evolves in space through a process of atomic and stellar co-evolution until stars gravitationally collapse at the outer limit of stellar evolution into stellar black holes. As there is an ongoing active production of atomic and stellar and galaxy mass resulting from the Big-Bang process at the Atomic Line, the Post-Bang Physical Universe is continually expanding.

That was a radial model of the 4^th spatial dimension of the Cosmos and Universe as a whole demarcated by defined Points of Magnitude in the Spectrum of Magnitudes, which shows the relationship of the Pre-Bang Universe to Post-Bang Universe as an integrated system. This geometrical model can be expanded so that any region of the Cosmos and Universe can be mathematically enlarged into view in 4 spatial dimensions. It is possible thereby to create a geometrical and mathematical model that can cone into any sector of the Cosmos and Universe in the 4^th spatial dimension, and therein align and frame the entire process and sequence of atomic, stellar and galaxy evolution in both 3- and 4-spatial dimensions.

In this model of evolution, the Cosmos is unfolding sequentially in a pattern that has innately involuted evolutionary potential: an expanding system that is layering itself into 3-dimensional magnitudes of space and mass—Universe Magnitudes—in a recurring pattern of involution-evolution steps that are characterized by contraction and expansion, by implosion and explosion, with each spherical layer of universe arising from and coextensively containing all of the universes that preceded its evolution into existence. This creates a 4-dimensional framework wherein each universe arises from the universe within it, wherein every universe in the Cosmos coexists inside each other in the 4^th spatial dimension, and wherein each and every universe throughout the Cosmos is contained within and filled with one contiguous space of infinite extent.

Perpendicular to the inside-outside axis of the 4th spatial dimension, each Line of Magnitude in each Cone and Sphere of Magnitude consists of 3-dimensional Magnitudes of Mass in 3-dimensionl Space. As the galaxies have materialized from inside outward from the Big-Bang process in the supermassive black hole at galaxy center, each visible 3-dimensional galaxy in the Hubble Space Telescope’s deep fields is a Line of Magnitude in the Cone of Magnitudes of Galaxy Evolution. The 3-dimensional Space-Space Continuum of the Galaxy Cone of Evolution defines every single step of the sequential process of galaxy materialization and evolution on the inside-outside axis of the 4^th spatial dimension, as the evidence I am about to unfold clearly demonstrates.

 Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory by Paul Hollister, M.D. Copyright 2004

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