Conversion of Space-Time Model into Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion Model

By converting the Big Bang theory from a Space-Time Model to a Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion Model that occurs in Space, we can formulate a theory of creation in the 4^th spatial dimension that has two sides to the equation, and thereby can begin to explore the cause as well as result of the Big Bang in process terms. The key to this conversion is changing how we look at the Big Bang itself. Rather than the Big Bang being a geometrical Point of Singularity in Space-Time, beyond which the laws of physics no longer apply, the Big Bang has to be a Threshold Point in a Process that has two sides to the equation: Cause and Result. Thermo-particle fusion of quark-gluon plasma into baryons is the threshold point of the Big Bang in this Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion Model. This requires modifying the first second of the original Big Bang theory in which quark-gluon plasma is fused into baryons. Move the process in the first second “after” the Big Bang to “before” the Big Bang: reverse the outward-inward direction of the free quark to quark-gluon plasma phase of the process, reverse the physics from explosive expansion to gravitational implosion to account for the free quark to quark-gluon plasma transition, and redefine the Big Bang as the threshold point that strong-force binds the quark-gluon plasma into stable baryons. This can be accomplished conceptually by shifting the Big-Bang threshold point in the process by one second in the original theory, because from the horizon of completion of baryonogenesis onward, the result side of the picture can still reflect the expanding materialization side of the original theory, albeit the Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion process is causing the explosion and expansion of matter and energy in Space rather than the expansion of Space causing the materialization process.  

 The site of the Big Bang is designated above as a Supermassive Black Hole DENSITY in order to define the “infinite” density of the original theory in finite terms, which we need to do in order to find the actual site of the Big Bang in space. The nomenclature of Supermassive Black Hole and Event Horizon are used here to describe a finite spatial entity, the Mass of Black Hole and gravitational Event Horizon of Black Hole, in order to define the Black Hole and Big Bang as a Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion process that takes place in a finite physical Magnitude of Mass that has the potential of fusing quark-gluon plasma into baryons. With two sides to the equation, we have the beginning of a model we can use to examine theoretical possibilities for the cause of the Big Bang, because the space and time needed for these cosmological processes to occur in the magnitude they had to occur is unlimited.

A great deal is known about baryonogenesis, about the Result of the Big Bang. That is the beauty of the original theory. But what about the Cause? In a theoretical model that has two sides to the equation, each side refines and defines the opposite side, so the more we know about Result, the more we know about Cause, and the more we know about Cause, the more we know about Result. In the concept diagram above, I have converted the space-time model to a process model in which both the supermassive density of the Big Bang and the Pre-Bang Universe exist in space and are fully subject to the laws of physics, so that the Cause as well as Result of the Big Bang are rendered fully definable and testable by the scientific method.

 To begin theorizing about the cause for the Big Bang in process terms, we can begin with the theoretical supermassive density in which the original Big Bang is said to have occurred, because that is where the process is located. Where is that supermassive density? What formed that supermassive density? What ignited that supermassive density into the Big Bang?

If we ask where the atomic-molecular universe came from, we can say it came from the stars. The stars weren’t the beginning of the first atoms but, with the single exception of hydrogen, they do make all the atoms in the periodic table from which the entire atomic-molecular physical universe is made. And if we ask where the stars came from, we can say with scientific certainty that the first stars came from hydrogen, because that is what first-generation stars are made of. And if we ask where hydrogen came from, we can say in theoretical terms that all the hydrogen in the universe came from the quark and gluon particle-fusion process of the original Big Bang. And if we ask what the supermassive density was made of that culminated in the Big Bang, we can say that at least some of the density must have consisted of quarks, because we know that the atomic nuclei of all the hydrogen and all atoms and molecules of the physical universe are made of quarks. So the nuclear mass of the entire atomic-molecular physical universe is made of quarks. But when we ask where the quarks came from, we’re stuck. Because less than one second is too unrealistic in process terms for all the quarks in the entire atomic-molecular physical universe to be formed, unless one is willing to abandon realistic terms and cite magical causes that are not subject to the laws of physics.

So let’s begin there.

In order for the Physical Universe to materialize into atomic form from quark-gluon plasma, the “quark era” of the Big Bang has to be at least equivalent to the intra-nuclear mass of the atomic-molecular Physical Universe, because the atomic nuclear mass of the entire atomic-molecular Physical Universe is made of quarks and gluon. In Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion process terms, Big-Bang Result equals atomic-molecular Physical Universe. Big-Bang Cause of atomic-molecular Physical Universe equals quark-gluon fusion into baryons of atomic nuclei. Therefore, the “quark era” side of the equation has to be as big as or bigger than the Physical Universe that is ubiquitously made of quarks. If the supermassive density of the Big Bang consisted of quark-gluon plasma that could be fused into baryons, then there has to be a Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles that is at least equivalent to the total intra-nuclear Mass/Energy of the resulting atomic-molecular Physical Universe. 

If a Universe of Energy and Particles caused the supermassive density of the original Big Bang, it is most reasonable to expect that that universe still exists, and still has the supermassive gravitational potential to do again what it did before: gravitationally form the supermassive density of the Big Bang. In other words, the cause of the supermassive density that resulted in the Big Bang is still in place. With this potential for a recurring Big-Bang process, it becomes possible for the galaxies to arise individually at different sites throughout space in the pattern we see. With an ongoing Big-Bang process, it also becomes possible for galaxies to grow from small to large in gradual fashion over time because an ongoing Big-Bang means ongoing baryonogenesis with massive hydrogen production. Furthermore, if there is an ongoing Big-Bang producing massive amounts of hydrogen that causes each galaxy to grow, it must be located in the “supermassive black hole” center of the galaxy, because the only place in the universe where supermassive densities of sufficient potential magnitude exist are all located within the nuclear center of active galaxies and quasars.  

Sparks, Stars and the Quasar

Nature is a creature of habit; when she finds something that works, she does it over and over and over, until something happens that—Surprises Her!

And then she starts doing that too—until she’s surprised—Again!

And around and around the cycle is repeated, and the universe evolves from simple to complex. Darwin gave us the power to see Nature’s process of natural selection in his Origin of Species, but his concept can also be applied to the gradual evolution of the galaxies and physical universe as a whole, from simple beginning to complex forms. It is as simple as Nature’s Natural Selection of Processes that Work: Particles, Atoms, Molecules, DNA, Cells, Species, Human Beings.

Surprise! Surprise! Surprise!

When the origin and evolution of the stars are viewed as a Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion process, it is possible to see that each star is like a Black Hole. Each star is both a Black Hole and a White Hole. From gravitational beginning within a nebula, to thermonuclear explosion, to fuel-spent demise, first the star is a gravitational Black Hole, then it is a White Hole, then it becomes a Black Hole—Again! And what changed the original gravitational density from a collapsing Black Hole into a stabilized burning White Hole was its threshold of thermonuclear birth: Gravity Implosion (Event Horizon of Black Hole) of a cold dark nebula into a dense thermodynamic gravitational mass (Mass of Black Hole) until the dark matter density reaches the thermonuclear threshold of fusion and explosion (Big Bang) that continues long after the dark nebula has burned away, leaving a brilliant orb (White Hole). And we know what happens when that White Hole runs out of fuel: A Black Hole. Again!

Surprise! Surprise! Surprise!

In the original Big Bang Theory, a Point of Singularity gave rise to all Time and Space. Accordingly, prior to the Big Bang, there was no Space. I think this Space-Time Point of Singularity as the point of origin of the physical universe is obstructing the range and reach of science more than people realize. Retro-compression of Time to a Point does not allow sufficient time for the massive cosmological processes to occur in the magnitude they had to occur to materialize the total atomic mass of the Physical Universe into existence. Retro-compression of all Space to a Point creates a peculiar universe in which there is only an INSIDE and no OUTSIDE, because all Space, as well as everything else, came out of that original geometrical Point of Density.

The universe appears to be expanding. This is cited as evidence supporting the single Big Bang Theory. When a simple mind such as my own asks if the galaxies are really hurtling apart through space because of an explosion that happened 20 billion years ago, some scientists say that the Big Bang was not an “explosion”, the Big Bang was an “expansion”, an expansion of Space rather than an explosion in Space, and the whole physical universe is expanding because Space is expanding. When I look at the process in the first minute of the Big Bang, it is very difficult for me to understand how the Big Bang could be interpreted as anything other than an explosion. At Time zero, the Big Bang was a dense exploding inferno! We don’t know where the Heat came from. We don’t know where the Density came from. We don’t know what the Threshold was that triggered the Big to Bang. However, what the Big Bang theory does assert is that the Density expanded apart explosively, and has been expanding and cooling ever since.

That is not explosion? That is just expansion?

My sensor has conniptions when words get disconnected from solid meaning. I start to feel like I’ve somehow slid into a wonder world made of dream substance and marvelous new forces where words don’t behave like labels anymore, where Words have acquired Magical Powers that can enact new Laws of Nature, because as soon as the Word is uttered, the whole universe starts changing and molding itself according to the meaning of the Word: so the biggest explosion that ever happened in Cosmos history suddenly stops exploding in Space, and becomes an explosion of Space an expanding Space that is carrying everything with it because Space is inflating and expanding out of a geometrical Point of Density that was in Nowhere because there was no Space for it to be in.

The Big Bang was a Big Wind? A blast of Space coming out of a Point of Density that existed in Nowhere? And that is why the universe is expanding?

“Oh.”

 The notion of no Space prior to the Big Bang is doubly confusing, not only because there is no place for the Point of Density to exist but also because the original Big Bang Density expanded. An expanding Point, a Sphere, is by existential definition a form in Space. The notion of a sphere expanding in non-space is an incomprehensible geometrical impossibility. If a sphere expands, it has to expand in space. Otherwise, what is it expanding into?

At each step of the evolutionary process, the original Big Bang Theory contains the total Mass and Energy and Space of the entire Physical Universe, all the way from the point of original density to present intergalactic expanse. 

If we formulate the Big Bang as a process that occurs INSIDE a finite density that exists INSIDE Space, the theoretical model will then be occurring in a milieu that is consistent with existence as we know it, namely, in a universe that exists in Space. To do this, I broke the Big Bang down into its two component parts and focused on the original supermassive density in which the Big Bang occurred. When I separated the process of Big Bang expansion of the universe (Universe Magnitude) from the Big Bang process of baryonogenesis (Subatomic Particle Magnitude), I was quite surprised by what I saw: the infinite density became finite, and the finite density became an astronomically huge supermassive black hole density! 

Not only did the Cause of the Big Bang start to make some kind of sense, but the Result of the Big Bang became a radically different process that fits—RIGHT—in the center of the galaxy! First of all, the Big Bang cooling process following baryonogenesis became a function of distance in space from the hot finite supermassive density—rather than the totality of space in the Cosmos simultaneously cooling over eons of cosmological time before neutral atoms could form—because the space around the supermassive Big-Bang density would be both furiously hot and frigidly cold, hot near the finite thermal density and cold away from the density. In the second place, if the Big Bang is an ongoing process rather than a solitary event, more like a star than a supernova, there would be ongoing Big-Bang fusion of quark-gluon plasma into baryons, a galactic River of Hydrogen being jettisoned out of the supermassive “black hole” density, jetting and spreading ionic hydrogen and electrons into space, cooling in the distance into its atomic and molecular hydrogen forms, gathering into nebulae, gravitating into thermonuclear masses, giving birth to stars—which is exactly what we see occurring in the galaxies!

Except! What is that DENSITY? Where is that DENSITY? What THRESHOLD transformed that DENSITY from a supermassive gravitational force into an exploding thermal force sufficient to strong-force fuse quark-gluon plasma into the atomic nucleus of hydrogen in sufficient quantity to materialize the entire atomic-molecular Physical Universe?

Then the Lights went On! 

Quasar Evolution 

The “infinite” density of the original Big Bang had found a new home in the universe: the Quasar!

When I look at this process from the perspective of 4 spatial dimensions, I see End-On Points that are cross-sections of Horizontal Lines that begin and end in Vortical Spirals. I see the process as a structure that has 4 spatial dimensions, and I rotate that structure back and forth 90° on the inside-outside axis of the 4^th spatial dimension from End-On Point to Horizontal Line to see what the structure looks like on the outside in 3 dimensions and on the inside in 4 dimensions.

There are two ways to look at the 4^th dimension, through the Eyes of Time and through the Eyes of Space, but these two ways are NOT the same. Each is a different way to visualize different aspects of a universe that is composed of 4-spatial dimensions. Vision through the Eyes of Time (Space-Time Continuum) is confined to a single Line of Time, e.g. the speed of light. Vision through the Eyes of Space (Space-Space Continuum) encompasses an unlimited number of lines of time (space-time continuums) on the inside-outside axis of the 4^th spatial dimension, because each composite Sphere of Magnitude is composed of and structurally filled to the full by 3-dimensional component Spheres of Magnitude in which processes and events are occurring within their own respective space-time continuums—simultaneously!

In the theoretical model above, the quasar is considered the finite supermassive density that is the site of an ongoing Big-Bang process that materializes and gives rise to all the hydrogen of the galaxy. To visualize the quasar as the theoretical site for an ongoing Big-Bang, we will need to use both systems of visualization. Therefore, the horizontal side in the diagram above has been drawn to represent both systems of vision. As a “Line of Quasar Evolution”, the composite evolution of the quasar is depicted over time. Although the actual phases of evolution for the quasar are as yet unknown, this provides a framework within which the different types of quasars known to exist can be aligned in theory to reflect the systematic sequence of their evolutionary development. As a “Sphere elongated on inside-outside axis of 4^th dimension”, the composite-outside and component-inside structure of the quasar can be depicted in all its various magnitudes that coexist in simultaneous time. Even though the quasar is known to contain a supermassive black hole, this method provides a framework for simultaneously visualizing the complete structure of the quasar at all levels of magnitude, from Hubble optical magnitude to atomic and subatomic magnitudes and every magnitude in-between. This 4-dimensional framework can include detailed definition of its structure at all levels of magnitude, including its “Black Hole” center, as will be explained subsequently in the chapter entitled, The Cosmic Microtome: Dissection of Galaxy in 4 Spatial Dimensions.

The model illustrated above is based on a number of theoretical assumptions: 1) There is a Universe of Energy and  Particles that gravitationally implodes its particle mass until it forms a supermassive black hole density (Vortical Spiral on right) that reaches a Big-Bang Threshold of quark-gluon fusion that results in baryonogenesis. Free quarks must exist either in a Universe of Particles that are gravitationally imploded into the Black Hole density or must be formed as a result of implosion directly from a Universe of Energy. This model is based on a hypothetical assumption that quarks and other pre-atomic particles already exist in a Universe of Particles that had been formed from a Universe of Energy in a prior era of Cosmos evolution. 2) The gravitational formation of the Pre-Bang Density within which the Big-Bang occurs is a Supermassive Black Hole, simply because the gravitational force of the supermassive density is far greater than the escape velocity of light. The Mass of the Black Hole is the first phase in the lifecycle of the quasar. The gravitational collapse of the Mass of Black Hole density increases until it is counterbalanced by the explosive force of the Big Bang. 3) Over evolutionary time, the mass of the quasar’s black hole density increases until it becomes equivalent to the supermassive black holes known to exist in quasars and the centers of active galaxies. 4) The lifecycle of the quasar is depicted as a theoretical framework that includes a Pre-Bang Supermassive Black-Hole Phase, during which free quarks and gluon are compressed into quark-gluon plasma, Luminous Radio-Silent Phase resulting from Big-Bang thermoparticle fusion, and Luminous Radio-Loud Phase reflecting the mass of radio-emitting hydrogen particles produced by the Big-Bang process, such that each phase corresponds to the process of quasar evolution. Although the evolutionary lifecycle of the quasar is as yet unknown to science, each phase in its lifecycle certainly must correspond to the various types of quasars that are known to exist in the universe, i.e. quasi-stellar objects, luminous quasars, radio-quiet quasars, radio-loud quasars. 5) A principle byproduct of the Big-Bang process going on inside the active quasar includes massive baryonogenesis that results in the formation of stable hydrogen ions. 6) Energy and hydrogen ions are continuously jettisoned out of each active quasar into the surrounding regional space of the galaxy. 7) The Big-Bang process within the quasar gives rise to all the hydrogen that results in the formation of the stars and the gradual growth and evolution of the galaxy.

The quasar may seem like shaky ground (pun intended) to build a What-If Model on because there are so many unknowns: We don’t know for a fact what quasars are made of. We don’t know how the quasars started, where they came from, what their lifecycle is, what goes on inside them, why they are where they are, what their functional relationship is to the galaxy, what happens to them in the end. All we know is where the quasars are, how gravitationally supermassive they are, and what we can see exploding out of them. Although hypothetical, the quasar is a very good candidate as the site for the finite Big-Bang, because the quasar is the right kind of density in the right place doing the right thing: (Big Bang Density) Quasar contains a supermassive black hole that is 3 to 10 billion solar masses in magnitude, the largest known finite density in the physical universe; (Big Bang Location) Quasar is at the nuclear center of each active galaxy; (Big Bang Magnitude) Quasar is exploding out light that is 100 to 1,000 times greater than the total star light of an entire galaxy and exploding out massive jets of radio-emitting particles.

The Quasar is a brightly burning outward blasting Black Hole, the Biggest Banging supermassive density in the Universe!

Black Hole exploding and burning?

Impossible?

The Quasar, which has as its center a supermassive black hole, is the most brilliant orb in the entire universe, burning more brilliantly than the galaxy’s 100 billion stars combined!

A black hole is usually thought of as a gravitational force from which light cannot escape, hence its name. That describes a gravitational threshold that is defined by the gravitational force of a mass that has a certain minimum magnitude, namely, a gravitational force that exceeds the escape velocity of light. Accordingly, some collapsing stars become dwarf stars and some become neutron stars and only those stars that collapse into a gravitational mass that exceeds the escape velocity of light become black holes. As all black holes are thought to be the result of stellar collapse, their mass is defined in terms of solar masses. This is extremely useful because it corresponds to gravitational masses that actually exist, and it quantifies them in scientific terms of gravitational force and mass magnitude. Generally speaking, apart from Hawking radiation, black holes don’t allow any mass or energy to escape, so it has been impossible to determine what the Mass of these black holes are made of. Naturally, this leads an inquiring mind to ponder-full questions. Are all black holes the same? Are stellar black holes in the periphery of the galaxy (1.7 solar masses) and the supermassive black hole in the nuclear center of the galaxy (e.g., 3 billion solar masses at the center of Galaxy M87) the same kind of…thing? Are all black holes made of the same…stuff? Although the event horizon of the black hole doesn’t have a surface, does the Mass within the black hole have a surface? Is it a “solid” DENSITY? Could some of these black holes be made of the mysterious “dark matter” that is known to exist in greater magnitude than all the luminous matter in the universe? Could this “dark matter” have a mass density that creates a gravitational force greater than anything we have ever imagined possible? Could it be that the supermassive black hole in the quasar is not made out of the stuff of stars at all? The top quark is said to be almost as heavy as the nucleus of lead, which is 200 times greater than the weight of hydrogen (lead at wt 207.19; hydrogen at wt 1.00797). A quark is 200 times heavier than a hydrogen atom? Theoretical supersymmetry particles, such as gluinos, are said to have a mass up to 1,000 times greater than a proton, a hydrogen nucleus. Could it be that the quasar is an entirely different order of mass magnitude in existence that is made out of an entirely different kind of dark matter, and that is why it is so dense and explosive? Could that supermassive black hole be made of exploding quark-gluon plasma, just like the supermassive density in the original Big Bang theory?

It is impossible to see inside a black hole from outside, because our vision is stopped at the event horizon. We can see what is around the event horizon, so we can surmise what is crossing the event horizon and entering the black hole, and thereby presumably contributing to the Mass of the Black Hole, but we can’t see the Mass of the Black Hole, nor what the gravitational mass is made of, nor what processes take place within it, nor if the Mass of the Black Hole has an evolutionary nature of its own. So unless we can find another way to approach the black hole other than from outside its event horizon, a way to get inside to see what it is made of, we will continue to be stuck outside wondering what it is.

By reconfiguring Schwartzchild’s geometry of the black hole from Space-Time to a Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion configuration, it becomes possible to make Black Holes somewhat more visible by approaching them from different angles and directions that have both a side-in and a side-out. Using Space-Time geometry, the Black Hole ends at a Point of Singularity that is a physical impossibility, unless it is possible for 3 billion solar masses to exist in a mathematical point smaller than the tip of a…period. By contrast, using the Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion model, the “Black Hole” ends at a Point of Magnitude that corresponds to a Magnitude of Mass that actually exists in the universe, because each Point of Magnitude in the Spectrum of Magnitudes is a magnitude of real mass that exists in real space.

But could a Black Hole cause a Big Bang? Can a Black Hole be the site of Energy Explosion?

At first glance that doesn’t sound logical. That seems like a contradiction in terms.

The gravitational collapse of one large star creates a black hole. Therefore, all black holes are due to the gravitational collapse of stars. Therefore, the supermassive black hole at the center of each active galaxy is due to the gravitational collapse of billions of stars.

Now that sounds logical, doesn’t it?

Perhaps the reason why that widely accepted view seems logical is because there is no contradiction in terms, because the term “black hole” has the same meaning wherever it is applied, namely, a gravitational force that exceeds the escape velocity of light. So, knowing that the gravitational collapse of a star forms a black hole, it may seem logical to conclude that the cause of all black holes regardless of size is the same, such that all black holes are due to the gravitational collapse or gravitational consumption of stars.

Or could it be that the word “black hole” is imposing its meaning on the object? Maybe what links the sound of logic, as well as the cause-effect interpretation of the significance of supermassive black holes, is the similarity of the word itself:

Black Hole = black hole.

Same = same.

No matter how supermassive the black hole density is.

Although I committed a misnomer when I applied the term Black Hole to the process of star formation, stretching the meaning of the word to describe the collapse of a nebula into a gravitational density that clearly doesn’t exceed the escape velocity of the star’s shining light, the word was chosen because it describes the gravity implosion side of the process so well. Precision might object that I have used the term to describe a process that does not fully conform to its original definition, but rather than create a new word to describe a familiar process that is being presented in a new way, I think the term Black Hole communicates the Gravity Implosion side of this process so clearly, and overlaps the true definition of the word so completely, that this wider range of meaning can lead us to deeper insight. We see only one side of the Big Bang. We see only one side of the Black Hole. And in-between the Big Bang and Black Hole occurs Stellar Evolution. So within the visible universe, we have a model that shows us both sides of the equation, because we are able to see the entire process of stellar evolution from cause to threshold event to result. In this way, I think the process of stellar evolution can show us the other side of the Black Hole and Big Bang as well, because the process is the same: Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion.

Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory by Paul Hollister, M.D. Copyright 2004

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