4 Spatial Dimensions of a Loaf of Bread

 From Beginning to Middle to End, can we see it All?  

Where does the bread begin? What is in the middle? Where does the bread end? On the outside, the bread begins at the edge, and in the middle every slice looks, smells, tastes and is the same. Did we see it All?

Now let’s rotate the End-On Point of the composite slice of bread 90º on the inside-outside axis of the 4^th spatial dimension to unveil the component structure of the bread and array its inside-outside structures into view on a horizontal axis.

 From atomic beginning to macroscopic end, we can see it All. What about the relative proportionality of Space to Mass as we move inward on the inside-outside axis of the 4^th spatial dimension from macroscopic to molecular to atomic levels of magnitude? If we were at the molecular level of magnitude, we would see molecules floating from the surface of the edge, because that is what the rich aroma of fresh bread is due to, molecules floating through space and interacting with olfactory receptors inside our nose. If we could stand on the surface of an atomic nucleus deep inside the middle of the slice, we would be looking at a vast expanse of interatomic space.

Every object in the universe that is made of mass, regardless of its magnitude and regardless of its form, consists of 4 spatial dimensions. If we look at the 4-dimensional structure of an object, we can see every detail of what it is made of and can systematically examine the spatial interrelationships that exist between its component parts. This can be done for any object, whether it be a surgical specimen or a cloud of interstellar gas or an entire galaxy, by examining the 4-dimensional composite and 3-dimensional component structure of the object in the 4^th spatial dimension. However, as we are only able to see 3 spatial dimensions, because vision itself is a 3-dimensional system, we have to do this examination in stages: first we examine the surface of the composite 4-dimensional structure of the object (End-On Point of 4^th Spatial Dimension); next we examine the 3-dimensional component structure of the object on the inside-outside axis of the 4^th spatial dimension (Linear Axis of 4^th Spatial Dimension).  

4 Spatial Dimensions of a Surgical Specimen

 Scientists do this to a degree without even realizing they are working in the 4^th spatial dimension. For example, let’s look at what a surgical pathologist does when he receives an excised specimen of tissue from the operating room for diagnosis. He measures the specimen and examines its surface (Macroscopic Magnitude); cuts the specimen open to examine what is inside it (Macroscopic Magnitude); affixes part of the specimen to a microtome, slices it into thin sections, stains the sections with histological dye, and looks at the tissue under the microscope (Cellular Magnitude); affixes another part of the specimen to an EM microtome, slices it into ultra-thin sections, looks at the EM sections under the electron microscope (Subcellular Magnitude); soaks sections from another part of the specimen in special chemical stains that attach to specific molecules, looks at the sections under a florescent microscope (Molecular Magnitude). This familiar process of magnification and special staining is the step-by-step means of examining the structure and ultrastructure and molecular structure of a composite 4-dimensional specimen of tissue on the inside-outside axis of the 4^th spatial dimension.

The surgeon lives in a 3-dimensional world that simply is the way it looks. By contrast, the eye of the pathologist does much of his work in the 4^th spatial dimension. To realize this, however, you have to be forward thinking. If you took a survey of pathologists and asked how many spatial dimensions there are in a lump of tissue, and in each section of that tissue, I would wager a cup of tea that not one person on the entire planet would say 4 spatial dimensions. However, if you take the same survey in the year 2010, I’ll wager another fine tasting cup of tea that every one of them will say 4 spatial dimensions and easily be able to explain why.

I realize that second bet is a bit risky. There are always some slow learners. Just like it took some people longer than others to adjust to the fact that this flat earth is rolling round. And speaking of slow motion, how about the world’s response to Darwin’s treatise on the Origin of the Species? That fact hit the presses in 1859. I wouldn’t even want to win the wager that bets there are still some residual slow learners resisting that dose of Nature’s surprise. But be that as it may, knowledge marches on, and this time it’s going to explode. This Big Bang of knowledge is going to fuse with reality and burn for a millennium.

Unlike a loaf of bread, a surgical specimen is not homogeneous, so dissection in the 4^th spatial dimension is somewhat more complicated. As an example, let’s say the surgical specimen is a lobe of lung harboring a solid mass that was seen on x-ray. We start with the specimen on the pathologist’s cutting block. Outside, the pleural surface of the lobe of lung looks normal. Careful touch reveals a firm mass inside. When the pathologist cuts the lung open, he sees familiar structures: bronchi branching into bronchioles throughout the spongy lung tissue. Bisected in the center of normal looking lung is a dense hard mass. Edge of the mass is adherent to the surrounding lung tissue. What is the mass made of? Where did it come from? Where is it growing and going? With the naked eye, these questions can’t be answered. Under the light microscope, assembling information at different magnifications, the histopathology becomes clear. Numerous mitoses are present in the bizarre cells of the mass: malignant tumor. Solid sheets of malignant cells are seen forming into abnormal gland structures: adenocarcinoma. The pathologist systematically examines the edge of the mass where it adjoins and invades the normal lung tissue: actively invasive adenocarcinoma. Looking at the inner lining of a bronchiole sectioned longitudinally, he sees the epithelial cells lining the bronchiole transition from normal cells to abnormal malignant cells: primary bronchogenic adenocarcinoma of the lung. This mass was a malignant transformation that had begun in the airway of the lung rather than being a metastatic cancer that had started in another organ of the body.

Unlike bread, the organs of the body are not homogeneous. At each level of magnitude (macroscopic magnitude and microscopic magnitude), each composite structure within the organ must be examined in 3 dimensions in order to see the structure’s entire depth in the 4^th spatial dimension. That is how the pathologist sees it all.

Does it make any difference whether or not the pathologist realizes he is working in the 4^th spatial dimension? Not really. Not when the various component structures in the composite tissue are already anatomically defined and known. Even though the 3-dimensional structures he is looking at (cells) are contained in a larger 3-dimensional structure (organ) that is contained in a completely out-of-sight larger 3-dimensional structure (the patient), the pathologist doesn’t have to realize he is moving inwardly step-by-step on the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension, because he is continually oriented by the dissecting and sectioning process. Through anatomical knowledge he is able to navigate the terrains of these inner spaces perfectly well from a visual perspective, which is always a 3-dimensional perspective because vision itself is a 3-dimensional sense-organ system. By being oriented between the coexisting magnitudes, the pathologist can remain focused upon each 3-dimensional Plane of Magnitude he is concerned about.

 What about life in the human macroscopic magnitude? Does it make any difference whether or not everyone realizes there are 4 spatial dimensions? Not usually. Not under ordinary circumstances. Just like it doesn’t matter to a tennis player at Wimbledon that the earth is rounder than it seems, that she is winding up to serve a ball made of atoms over a net sunk into rolling planet turf whirling around the sun and swirling the fringe of a galaxy floating in the middle of forevermore space. At times like that, the reality of the 4^th spatial dimension most definitely does not need to be a consciously realized experience. Not if she wants to win at Wimbledon—or anywhere else in this 3-dimensional fray. Indeed, I’d dare say, if you began to directly experience the 4^th spatial dimension inside and around you like that, you could be on the verge of becoming acutely psychotic. And if you began to regularly experience the 4^th spatial dimension in profound and wonderful ways during the day as well as night, you wouldn’t just be on the verge anymore.

 You’d be there!

And what if you tell your friends about the wonderful things that are happening to you and all the marvelous things you can see?

Congratulations—welcome to the club—step right this way—let me introduce you to the others—they’re right behind this locked door. If you feel confused, tell us all about it—we’ve got a jacket that’ll get you straightened out—and lots of other ways to get this out of your consciousness, too. We’ve got something for confusions and something for delusions and something for deep dimensions and anything and everything else that might be happening to you in your feelings and your mind. So don’t you worry, we’ll have you back to normal in no time. Just like you used to be. Not like those others. And the door opens. And in you go……..

“We creatures have traveled such a far, far Journey. Sometimes human beings don’t realize how precious we are. We are the flesh and blood of the Cosmos. That is how precious we are. Some think that the Cosmos doesn’t have any pain but that just isn’t so. We are the laughter and the tears and the great small cries and needs of the Cosmos. That is how precious we all are. Some people think that Cosmos has Eyes and is watching us, but that just isn’t so. We are the Eyes of Cosmos. We evolved out of Cosmos and are made of Cosmos and are Cosmos. Everybody is! Inside out and through and through, our body and dreams and consciousness, too. All pure Cosmos! That is how precious we are. And Cosmos wants to See! That’s why we see! Do you see?”

Congratulations—that’s a winner—welcome to the club—step right this way…

Excuse me. I got carried away. And slipped a little in…in…inside.

I have a tendency to drift toward the frailty of the Microcosmic perspective sometimes. But let’s leave those poor souls where they are for now so we can stay focused on the Macrocosmic perspective, so that we can see it all.

What about for the structure of the universe? Does it matter if an astrophysicist realizes that the galaxy consists of 4 spatial dimensions apart from time? I dare say that from quarks to atoms to stars to galaxies, the 4^th spatial dimension makes all the difference in the universe.

Through the microscope, we can look inward toward the end of the physical universe, from macroscopic to molecules to atoms to subatomic particles. Through the telescope, we can look outward toward the end of the physical universe, from macroscopic to molecules to atoms to subatomic particles. And everywhere we look, everything is made of the same stuff: molecules and atoms and particles. And by and far, almost everything in the physical universe is contained within the same structure: the galaxy. And with a little theoretical imagination, we can see all the way from the Beginning to Middle to End of galaxy formation. With just a little Space of Mind within which to see and think, we have the power to see it All.

There is an Evolutionary Line that extends from the Beginning to the Middle to the End of physical universe evolution. This Evolutionary Line is made of Points of Magnitude that extend all the way from Big Bang to Black Hole, from the Big Bang Beginning of the atom, all the way through the Middle of atomic-molecular structure of the universe, to the End of physical universe evolution at a place called Now. This Evolutionary Line is the Periodic Table of Atoms. The Periodic Table of Atoms and its Standard Model of Particle parts form the structural alphabet of the physical universe. These Points of Magnitude form every tiny smidgeon of every galactiform structure in the entire universe, just as clearly and definitively as the 26 letters of the alphabet have made every line of language in all the libraries and tomes of written words and every intelligible utterance that has ever passed through the cords of English-squeaking creatures on this rolling speck of Earth.

When we align the 103 atoms in the Periodic Table of Atoms by atomic weight in a single Line, from Hydrogen (atomic number 1, at wt 1.00794) to Lawrencium (atomic number 103, at wt 260), we have a Line of Periodicity consisting of Points of Magnitude that spans and encompasses the atomic-molecular structure of the entire known universe. Through the Eyes of Time, this corresponds to the Line of Atomic Evolution, because the simplest atom hydrogen was formed first and the other atoms were sequentially formed by nuclear fusion of smaller atoms into atoms of higher and higher atomic weight in the stars, beginning with the nuclear fusion of 4 atoms of hydrogen into helium (atomic number 2, at wt 4.0026). Through the Eyes of Space, the location of these atoms can be mapped in the galaxy. If the supermassive black hole inside the quasar at galaxy center is the site of the ongoing Big-Bang process, as the evidence I will present in this treatise strongly indicates, then the entire Line of Atomic Evolution is created from beginning to end within the galaxy. The Big-Bang process of baryonogenesis in the Quasar at galaxy center creates hydrogen; from hydrogen, the stars are formed which sequentially fuse hydrogen into helium and the other atoms in physical existence. By correlating the Eyes of Time (Line of Evolution of the Atoms) with the Eyes of Space (Location of Atom formation in the space of the Galaxy), the systematic sequence of atomic evolution can be correlated with the systematic sequence of galaxy evolution. In other words, the evolutionary development of the structure of the galaxy occurs in tightly interrelated tandem with the evolution of the atoms.

4 Spatial Dimensions of the Galaxy

 If you know the parts, you know the whole.

Like a surgical specimen, the structure of the galaxy is enormously complex. However, all organs are made of tissues and tissues are made of cells, so if you know the organs and know the tissues and know the cells and have thorough knowledge of subcellular molecular structure, as an anatomical pathologist does, you can be oriented as you navigate within the 3-dimensional cellular and subcellular universes. Likewise, if you know how to serially section the various regions and parts of the galaxy with the Cosmic Microtome of the Electromagnetic Spectrum, as each astrophysicist does, you can dissect and slice the galaxy and its structures and regions and parts into manageable 3-dimensional Planes of Magnitude that can be systematically examined and reassembled on the inside-outside axis into their respective composite structures and forms and flows. Astrophysicists do this all the time, even though, like the pathologist, they may not as yet realize they are dissecting the universe on the inside-outside axis of the 4^th spatial dimension.

Using the composite 4-dimensional and component 3-dimensional approach in the 4^th spatial dimension, let’s examine the structure of the galaxy from the hypothetical point of view that the quasar at galaxy center is the site of an ongoing Big-Bang, the site of ongoing hydrogen formation that results in galaxy growth and evolution. We can use four tools to dissect and analyze the galaxy and its parts for this purpose: 1) the Electromagnetic Spectrum to slice the galaxy into Lines, Planes and Spheres of Wavelength Magnitude on the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension; 2) the Spectrum of Magnitudes to dissect the galaxy into Points, Lines, Planes and Spheres of Mass Magnitude in both composite 4- and component 3-spatial dimensions; 3) Spectroscopy to perform spectral line analysis to determine the atomic composition of the galaxy’s various regions and parts; 4) Line of Atomic Evolution to correlate the sequence and process of atomic evolution with the sequence of galaxy structural formation and stellar evolution (see diagram below, Dissection of Galaxy in 4 Spatial Dimensions).

As Energy and Mass are reciprocally related, so also the Spectrum of Energy (Electromagnetic Spectrum) and Spectrum of Mass Magnitudes (Periodic Table of Atoms) are related in a reciprocal manner, and thereby each is an avenue of information about the other. When the composite structure of the galaxy is rotated and elongated on the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension, the Energy and Mass of the galaxy can be aligned on the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension according to wavelengths and magnitudes of mass, respectively. In this way, the galaxy can be serially sectioned and dissected into Points, Lines, Planes and Spheres of Magnitude that correspond to its 4 spatial dimensional structure.

All magnitudes of mass in existence are aligned on the inside-outside axis of the 4^th spatial dimension: particles are inside atoms are inside stars are inside galaxies are inside galaxy clusters are inside galaxy superclusters are inside the large scale structure of the universe. In the evolution of physical existence, first came the subatomic Particles, then came the hydrogen Atoms, then came the Stars, then came the fusion of the remainder of the atoms and the electromagnetic binding of the atomic-molecular structures which compositely form the structure of the Galaxy, which collectively constitute the Physical Universe. In preparation for breaking through the vision barrier that is hiding the Big-Bang process of pre-atomic evolution beyond the event horizon of the supermassive black hole of the quasar at galaxy center, let’s first look at the visible flow of galaxy evolution as it occurs from Atom to Star to Galaxy formation and structure. Then we will extend this method of analysis to include the finite site of Big-Bang baryonogenesis at galaxy center, and then look at recent scientific evidence that supports this view.

To follow the sequence of evolution from the beginning, we will begin with the Atomic Line,  and then correlate atomic evolution with stellar evolution and the gradual evolution of galaxy structure. Because the evolution of these levels of magnitude are inseparably interconnected with each other, just as each level of magnitude in the human body (cells, organs, organ systems, whole organism) is inseparably interconnected and interdependent upon the other for continued function and survival. When we looked at the Atomic Line earlier, it was represented as a single composite Line of Magnitude in the Spectrum of Magnitudes. However, just as white light is composed of a spectrum of optical wavelengths experienced as colors, the Atomic Line of Magnitude is composed of all the atoms in the universe, so the Periodic Table of Atoms can be spread out as Points of Magnitude on the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension, as depicted in the middle of the following diagram. 

Where does the galaxy Begin? What is the Middle? Where does the galaxy End?

Like a loaf of bread or surgical specimen, can we cut the galaxy into slices to see what is inside? First we have to find the edge, but where is the Edge of the Galaxy? When we look through the Hubble telescope into distant space, the galaxy is a point of light that looks not unlike a star. As we zoom closer and the optical form of a spiral galaxy fills our field of vision, we clearly see an edge in the blackness of surrounding space. But is what we see with our physical vision really the Edge of what is there? Is the edge of the galaxy defined by the visible wavelengths of optical light that the retina of the human eye has been organically evolved to see? Is it our physical vision that defines objective reality, or do the wavelengths of perceivable light simply define the edge and limits of our vision? When we look through the radio telescope and infrared telescope and NASA’s Chandra X-ray telescope, and all the lenses of the electromagnetic spectrum that range step-by-step from gamma rays to radio waves, the edge of the galaxy keeps changing! Such that when we look through the radio telescope, the edge of the galaxy extends far, Far, FAR beyond the optical wavelength edge.

So where is the Edge of the Galaxy?  

Unlike a loaf of bread or a surgical specimen in hand, the galaxy does not have a clearly definable edge that we can see and touch and call—The Edge.

Why?

Because of the way we slice it?

Exactly.

Unlike a loaf of bread, the galaxy is already spread inside-out before our eyes on the axis of the 4^th spatial dimension, because science can already see the galaxy’s composite visible structure (End-On-Point View) plus many 3-dimensional Layers of Magnitude that are components of the galaxy’s structure in the 4^th spatial dimension (Spectrums of Mass and Energy). However, Science does not yet realize the nature and significance of this 4^th spatial dimension of depth. Consequently, in effect, Science is presently depth blind. It is like being color blind where all colors are seen as various shades of gray, except what is being missed is one of the 4 cardinal dimensions of spatial existence, so everything is seen as various shades of one all-inclusive 3-dimensioanl structure. Hence, all the areas and regions and magnitudes of mass and energy in the galaxy, including the subatomic Particle “cosmic plasma jets” of the quasar, and interstellar Hydrogen Ion (H⁺) HII regions, and neutral Hydrogen Atom (H⁰) HI regions, and Hydrogen Molecule (H₂) clouds, and the sequential generations of Stars, and the composite structure of the Galaxy are all crammed together into a 3-dimensional space that has no dimension of depth.  

I asked myself, “If we can’t find the Edge, where can we begin?” And my mind answered, “Begin in the Beginning because that is where Existence is most simple, because Nature always evolves from simple to complex.” And is that not the brilliance of the original Big Bang theory? The simplicity of the beginning? So what was the Beginning of the Physical Universe?

Hydrogen!

When I finally realized this, I was awe struck. What miracle could be more awesome than the creation of the atom Hydrogen? Unless perhaps a … Star?

Surprise! Surprise! Surprise!

Nature made Hydrogen! Then, Nature…made…..a……….Star!

Well, everybody knows that but…somehow…I never realized in the depth of my mind, where particles of fact and intendments of feeling bind together into vision and form, that Nature…could be…so simple…so enduringly simple…in Her Way of Before.

Could the Creation of Atom be as simple and lovely and prolific as that? That this entire Physical Universe could have been created from one small brave little atom? Thrust alone into its strange new form to wander endlessly in space in search of meaning for its existence? Gathering together into nebula. Coupling with electron. Marriage into molecule. Plunging into a Vortex that leads to Birth of Star?

But let’s not get irretrievably swooned out of balance by our tendency toward Microcosmic mystical emotions. Let’s hold to the balance of the Macrocosmic perspective. Then we can see it All and still stay sane.

70% of the atomic physical universe is made of Hydrogen. I know one shouldn’t begin a sentence with a numeral symbol, but these facts are shouting at me! Hydrogen is the most prevalent atomic element in the universe. Helium is the second most prevalent element in the universe at 26%. Together, hydrogen and helium constitute 96% of all the atomic elements in the physical universe! The other 101 known atoms therefore comprise less than 5% percent of the atomic-molecular physical universe.

Where in the universe is all that hydrogen? Where is the helium? Where are the 101 offspring of these ancestral atoms? Atomic evolution of the periodic table of atoms occurred in the stars, and the stars evolve and live their entire life in the galaxy. With the Big Bang located within the nuclear center of the galaxy, if we map the Evolution of the Atoms in Space, we are mapping the Evolution of the Stars; and if we map the co-evolution of the Atoms and the Stars, we are mapping the Evolution of the Galaxy. Because the Big Bang materialized hydrogen, then hydrogen migrated in space until it gravitationally gathered into the first generation of stars, within which hydrogen fused into helium, which thereafter formed the second generation of stars, which generation-by-generation fused all the atoms into existence that constitute the atomic-molecular physical universe.

If we know the Evolution of the Particles, and Evolution of the Atoms, and Evolution of the Stars (Alignment of Points of Magnitude according to their Line of Evolution), and know how the Evolution of these Particles and Atoms and Stars are arranged in the Space of the Galaxy (Galaxy Mapping of Points, Lines, Planes and Spheres of Magnitude), and know how these Particles and Atoms and Stars are arranged inside each other within the Galaxy and its parts (4-dimensional composite and 3-dimensional component structure of the galaxy and its parts), we will have seen it All.

Theories vary about the proportion of hydrogen and helium resulting from the Big Bang process, but as I try to find Nature’s simple pattern in the maze of it all, I see that it is hydrogen that holds the key to both sides of the Big Bang equation, because there is nothing in the physical universe other than the Big-Bang process that can make hydrogen, whereas helium is known to be formed from hydrogen by nuclear fusion in the stars.

Something very interesting happens when you look at the Map of the Galaxy through both Eyes of Time (Sequential Evolution of the Atoms and Stars) and Eyes of Space (4-Dimensional Structure of the Galaxy): The whole galaxy becomes SIMPLER! The sequence of galaxy evolution becomes defined by the sequence of atomic evolution, from atom to stars to atoms to stars—from hydrogen atoms to first-generation stars, to helium atoms to second-generation stars, to rising atomic mass in sequential generations of stars—in wave after wave of atomic and stellar co-evolution—all the way from Big Bang to Black Hole.  

Now we are back to the Beginning. Where does all this hydrogen come from? Where does the river of hydrogen travel? How does hydrogen change in space? How does hydrogen behave in its various forms? And finally, what does hydrogen become? Within the galaxy, if we trace and map the transmigration and evolution of hydrogen through its various forms (H⁺ H⁰ H₂) until it fuses into helium in the stars, we will have a Map of the Galaxy that includes 96% of the galaxy’s atomic elements, including all the hydrogen in the galaxy and all the helium in the stars. Is it possible to map the entire co-evolution of the Atoms and Stars and Galaxy? Mapping of atomic evolution in the galaxy and stars is already possible because each atom has its own spectral line signature, and the electromagnetic spectral lines of the atoms are known. If the quasar is the finite site of the Big-Bang, then this mapping will also correspond to and reveal the step-by-step Evolution of the Galaxy as well, because the evolution of the atoms and stars and galaxy are all tightly integrated and spatially interrelated. Atoms and Stars and Galaxy are, in a sense, an inseparable composite whole. It is impossible to have Stars without Atoms. It is impossible for Atoms to evolve without Stars. It is impossible to have sequential generations of Stars giving rise to sequential generations of Atoms unless they are confined in spatial proximity within the gravitational grip of the Galaxy.

Using the composite 4-dimensional and component 3-dimensional approach, let’s slice the galaxy’s Universe of Hydrogen from quark beginning to helium end, which will Map the Galaxy from Big Bang to Birth of Stars.  

Mapping the Galaxy from Big Bang to Birth of Stars 

Based upon the Quasar being the site of the ongoing Big-Bang process, the Galaxy Map above represents all the Hydrogen in the galaxy from its baryonogenic Big-Bang beginning to the birth of stars, with the Star representing all first-generation stars in the galaxy. Using the Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion Model as a reference, the Quasar and Star are both viewed from the gravity implosion side of their formation, both depicted from 4^th dimensional End-On Point of view, (looking down the Gravity Implosion cone that forms the “supermassive black hole” of the Quasar and down the Gravity Implosion cone that forms the thermonuclear core of the Star, respectively).

Let’s start on the solid ground of what science knows, then move to the edge of knowledge where theory must begin. The evolution of the stars, from gravitational compression of hydrogen within the galaxy’s nebulae to the point of thermodynamic explosion of star birth with thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium, is the basis for the diagram of Star birth above. Stars are born in dark nebulae made of molecular hydrogen (H₂) clouds. As gravity compresses the H₂ densely together, the thermodynamic energy exceeds the electromagnetic force that binds the atoms into molecules, resulting in a mass of neutral hydrogen atoms (H⁰); as the density and thermodynamic energy in the mass of H⁰ continues to increase, the energy exceeds the force that binds the electron to the hydrogen nucleus, resulting in a dense hot mass of ionized hydrogen (H⁺); as the density and thermodynamic heat in the mass of H⁺ continues to increase, the thermonuclear threshold is reached and H⁺ is fused into helium; as the explosive thermonuclear fusion of H⁺ continues in an ongoing fashion, the gravitational force of the collapsing nebula is counterbalanced by thermonuclear explosion and a stable dense mass of Star is born. Initially, the newborn burning star is buried out of sight inside the dark nebula. The star’s explosive process affects the surrounding nebula, and the thermodynamic heat of the star sends jets of hot particles shooting out in two directions on the axis of the star’s spin. Over time, the thermonuclear process in the star burns away the nebula, leaving a naked visible star suspended in space. The Star in the diagram represents the gravitational implosion process in the nebula that results in the thermonuclear threshold of star birth.

Now let’s look at a simplified version of the original Big Bang theory from Big Bang to Birth of Stars. Big Bang baryonogenesis resulted in the physical materialization of baryons including all the hydrogen nuclei (H⁺) and electrons destined to assemble into atoms. As ionized hydrogen (H⁺) cooled, it combined with electrons forming neutral hydrogen atoms (H⁰). As hydrogen atoms cooled and interacted, electromagnetic force combined the atoms into hydrogen molecules (H₂). Hydrogen molecules gathered into dark nebulae that give birth to the stars, as described above. All first-generation stars in the universe came into existence this way. In the original Big Bang theory, these transitions took place because the entire Cosmos went from hot to cold, and then to locally hot at the points of star birth. In summary, the sequence of atomic changes from Big Bang to Birth of Stars is as follows: Quarks, H⁺, H⁰, H₂, H⁰, H⁺, Helium.

Now, to see beyond the edge of scientific knowledge, theory must begin: The Big Bang occurs within a finite DENSITY, inside the “supermassive black hole” of the quasar. Quasars are born in “dark matter” quark nebulae that exist within the universal expanse of the non-baryonic Universe of Energy and Particles. As gravity compresses the quarks into a dense-hot mass, quantum chromodynamic energy binds the quarks and gluons together, resulting in a supermassive density of quark-gluon plasma; as the chromodynamic energy in the growing DENSITY continues to increase, the threshold of the Big Bang is reached and quarks and gluon are strong-force fused into baryons (baryonogenesis of hydrogen nuclei); as the Big-Bang fusion of quarks into baryons continues in an ongoing fashion, the supermassive gravitational force of the collapsing dark-matter DENSITY is counterbalanced by the explosive force of the Big Bang and a stable “supermassive black hole” quasar is born, a process analogous to thermonuclear explosion within the stars counterbalancing the force of gravity. Initially, the newborn burning quasar exists within the dark-matter nebula that formed it; however, from an optical stellar magnitude point-of-view, the newborn quasar appears to exist in empty black space for two reasons: 1) the stars of the galaxy have not as yet been formed by their respective evolutionary processes; 2) at this point of the quasar’s evolutionary development, nothing appears to be around the quasar because science is incapable of seeing the dark matter quark nebulae by current scientific instruments. As the Big-Bang process continues within the quasar, radio jets of hydrogen nuclei (H⁺) and electrons explode out of the “supermassive black hole” DENSITY into surrounding space, forming the real-world radio quasar with its radio jets and twin-lobed radio structure that science sees in distant black space with its radio telescopes. As the Big-Bang process continues in an ongoing fashion, the “cosmic plasma jets” of radio-wave emitting particles (H⁺ and electrons) produced by the radio quasar’s radio jets flood into space forming the real-world radio galaxy that consists of radio clouds up to 100 times larger than its optical galaxy counterpart, all of which science is clearly able to see. This veritable galactic ocean of radio-wave emitting hydrogen is destined to give rise to all the stars of the galaxy. As the H⁺ containing radio jets are jettisoned away from the quasar into the future halo region of the galaxy, H⁺ cools and combines with electrons to form the mysterious real-world massive “High-Velocity Clouds” of neutral hydrogen gas that travel at speeds that defy the gravitational pull and whirl of the galaxy. As these massive gas clouds settle down in speed and temperature sufficiently to be captured by gravity, neutral hydrogen atoms (H⁰) rain down upon the gravitational plane of the galaxy and form the real-world HI regions and diffuse nebulae that are seen in the galaxy’s spiral arms and disk. In the slow cold swirl in the periphery around the galaxy’s nuclear center, the neutral hydrogen atoms interact and combine into molecular hydrogen (H₂), which gathers together into the real-world nebulae that give birth to the stars, as described above. In summary, the sequence of atomic changes from the Quasar’s Big-Bang beginning to Birth of Stars is the same as the original Big Bang theory: Quarks, H⁺, H⁰, H₂, H⁰, H⁺, Helium.

At pre-atomic and atomic levels of magnitude, that sequence of events accounts for the cosmic plasma jets (River of Hydrogen) that we see being jettisoned from the quasar and forming the hydrogen atmosphere and nebulae that give birth to the stars.

Now let’s look in theoretical terms at the same sequence of events from a galaxy level of magnitude. To frame the concepts of this theory into a visual picture at this stage of the journey will require a little help from our imagination. Imagine that we have Cosmos Vision and can look anywhere we want at any magnitude we want at any time-speed we want. We are going to focus on a region of space where a galaxy is about to be born. At first all we see is ink-black space. As we look into the blackness waiting for something to happen, we wonder if there is Dark Matter there but have no way of knowing because the constituent nature of dark matter is beyond the present threshold of scientific knowledge, so even if dark matter is there we have no idea what it is or what it is doing. A brilliant Point of Light appears, and we know it is a quasar that has just begun to explosively burn at optical wavelengths of light. The quasi-stellar object (QSO) is noted to emit radio waves as well as visible light and increases in size until it is about 0.1 light-years wide. As time fast-forwards over millions of Earth years, the QSO shines solitary and alone. Then, after it had looked like the quasar was going to be alone in space forever, pinpoints of light begin to appear around the quasar until we can see a surrounding haze of sparkling light. And the pinpoints of starlight spread out farther and farther like a carpet of sparks unrolling in space, all swirling around the awesomely bright quasar center that is 1000 times brighter than all of the galaxy’s stars combined. As the galaxy grows from small to large, from dwarf to elliptical, we continuously see new hazes of pinpoint stars appearing. Then, in the older regions of the galaxy, elderly stars begin to erupt into supernova explosions, which in the fast-forward flight of time subsequently disappear from sight into stellar black holes.

Now that we have in theoretical terms seen an overview of galaxy evolution from optical quasar beginning to elliptical galaxy formation, let’s return to Earth to examine these events of mental sight in the light of present-day scientific knowledge.

Scientific fact: there is a supermassive black hole in the center of the quasar. Scientific fact: stars turn into black holes when they expend their nuclear fuel and die. In this theoretical scenario, the quasar came first, and then came the stars, which means that the “supermassive black hole” of the quasar is not made of the stuff of stars. According to theory, the Big Bang occurred inside a supermassive DENSITY which, by definition, corresponds gravitationally to a Black Hole. In the context of this theory that means that Black Holes have two directions relative to the galaxy and atomic-molecular physical universe, because the pre-atomic particle mass of the quasar’s supermassive Black Hole is imploding toward us into the galaxy and stellar Black Holes are imploding away from us out of the galaxy. What’s going on here? How can the Big Bang be a Black Hole? What direction do Black Holes go? If the quasar’s supermassive Black Hole is imploding into the galaxy and stellar Black Holes are imploding out of the galaxy, what is the difference between these Black Holes? What are these Black Holes made of and why do they behave as they do?

Here is where we must redefine and rescope the concept of “Black Hole” in broader terms, in terms that include the dimension and density of the Sphere of Mass inside the black hole as well as in terms of the gravitational Event Horizon that surrounds the Sphere of Mass and makes it optically invisible. When looking at the gravitational collapse of a dying star, the escape velocity of light has great relative significance because we know the step-by-step process by which a black hole is formed from a fuel-expended star. However, when we look at the supermassive black hole of the quasar, the escape velocity of light only represents the minimum gravitational threshold for black hole formation, which is overwhelmingly exceeded by this new class of mass density that has been puzzling and mystifying the entire scientific world. Supermassive black hole densities within the quasar and at the center of many active galaxies are from 3 to 10 billion times greater than a stellar black hole. Unlike the stars, we really do not know what the supermassive black hole inside the quasar is made of or how it was formed.

The question can be reduced to this: Do Stars form the Quasar or does the Quasar form the Stars? Which way is the process going?

If the “supermassive black hole” in the quasar is the site of the Big-Bang and the quasar materializes the hydrogen that stars are formed from, then we have to begin to look at Black Holes in a new way, because that means that Black Holes are coming toward us out of the past as well as going away from us into the future. Let’s stop for a moment and look at the galaxy as a whole to get this concept clearly into view. With the supermassive Black Hole of the quasar at galaxy center being the site of the Big-Bang, and star death in the periphery of the galaxy being the site of stellar Black Holes, there is a unidirectional flow of atomic mass (River of Mass) that is moving from the Black Hole of the Big-Bang at galaxy center toward the Black Holes of dying stars. The black hole of the quasar forms hydrogen which forms the stars which sequentially form the atoms of atomic-molecular existence until the stars expend their atomic nuclear fuel and gravitationally implode their mass out of atomic existence into black holes.

How can this happen? How can a supermassive Black Hole be exploding?

The Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion Model can help us answer this question because it contains both sides of the Black Hole equation just as it contains both sides of the Big Bang equation. Unlike the unidirectional Space-Time Model of the Black Hole that is always moving away from us into the future toward a Point of Singularity, the Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion Model can be looked at from either side, as a Black Hole imploding toward us (from the past) or Black Hole imploding away from us (into the future), because the gravitational mass within the Event Horizon of the Black Hole is a definable real-world Sphere of Mass rather than a geometrical Point of Singularity that ends in non-existence. When viewed as a Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion process, the process of Quasar formation and Star formation is essentially the same, the principal difference being the magnitude and density and nature of the matter that forms the Sphere of Mass that constitutes their respective core. In a first-generation star, as hydrogen is converted into helium by nuclear fusion, helium becomes the core of the star because it is denser than hydrogen; and during the ongoing thermonuclear life of the star, the core of helium enlarges and the spherical plane of thermonuclear fusion moves outward with the retreating shell of its hydrogen fuel.

Comparatively speaking, what is the core of the quasar made of? Is the quasar made of the stuff of stars or does the quasar make the stuff that stars are made of? The core of the quasar is a “supermassive black hole” that is the greatest known density in the physical universe. If this supermassive density is formed by and consists of non-luminous matter that has an intrinsic force of gravity unknown to modern science, then the term “Black Hole” takes on an entirely different meaning, because the escape velocity of light does not adequately characterize the nature of the gravitational mass that is in there. As this supermassive density in the quasar is so enormous, I would suggest that science is looking at the doorway to an entirely different class of matter. I would also suggest that the constituent nature of this “supermassive black hole” is the golden link between the Big Bang and Galaxy Evolution.

If the top quark is 200 times heavier than the hydrogen nucleus, and supersymmetry particles have a mass up to 1,000 times greater than a hydrogen nucleus, what is the density of quark-gluon plasma as it reaches the threshold point of the Big Bang that fuses pre-atomic elements into baryons, i.e., fuses quarks and gluons into hydrogen nuclei? We have a radically different scientific scenario here because the Big-Bang process is no longer driven by Time and Space. The factors determining the Big-Bang threshold are defined by the intrinsic nature of the elements (quarks and gluon) and by the nature of the force (strong nuclear force) that causes these subatomic particles to fuse into hydrogen nuclei. Nature has a pattern of repeating itself. Could it be that in the quasar we are looking at another magnitude of the same process that forms the stars? When hydrogen fuses into helium, there is an explosive release of energy. What happens when quark-gluon plasma fuses into hydrogen nuclei? Perhaps in an analogous fashion there is an enormous release of energy. In order for a finite Big-Bang process to occur, the quarks and quark-gluon plasma have to reach a thermodynamic density that is sufficient to strong-force bind the quarks into baryons, the proton nucleus of hydrogen. The supermassive black hole core of the quasar is the greatest known density in the physical universe, so by its location and density, it is the most suitable site for the Big Bang to occur.

Applying the Gravity Implosion—Energy Explosion process to the Big Bang, it becomes possible to formulate a theoretical scenario that results in the “supermassive black hole” core of the quasar. As a result of gravity implosion, quark-gluon plasma forms a supermassive sphere of density (supermassive black hole) in the core of the quasar, which reaches the Big-Bang threshold that fuses quark-gluon into hydrogen nuclei. Newly formed hydrogen nuclei are less dense than the quark-gluon plasma and are jettisoned explosively outward from the “black hole” core toward the inferno surface of the quasar where plasma jets flood the hydrogen nuclei into surrounding space. As quark-gluon plasma has relatively greater density than the products of their fusion, the quark-gluon plasma would remain at the core of the supermassive black hole as the hydrogen is jettisoned outward.

It appears to me that the Quasar is the first-born “Star” of the galaxy, because the quasar is the site of hydrogen atom formation by a fusion process akin to stellar fusion of hydrogen into helium and the other atoms in the periodic table. However, stars and quasar are not made of the same stuff. Stars are made of atoms. Quasars are made of quarks. Stars burn brightly and are gravitationally stabilized by thermonuclear explosion. Quasars burn millions of times more brightly and are gravitationally stabilized by Big-Bang explosion.

Oversimplified? Perhaps. A lot of assumptions? Perhaps. But this kind of thinking allows our mind, and thereby scientific theory, to reach inside the “supermassive black hole” that forms the structural core of the quasar to consider in theoretical terms what it is made of. So doing, the Black Hole becomes a gateway into an entirely new dimension of mass magnitude rather than a dead end. And so doing, we can begin to reach through and beyond this “supermassive black hole” into the Universe of Dark Matter that formed it, and thereby reach into the non-luminous dark matter that is said to constitute 90% of the total mass of all-and-everything in this lump-it-all-together place known as the physical universe. 

Mapping the Galaxy from Star Birth to Stellar Black Holes

 Now that we have mapped the galaxy and its River of Hydrogen from Big Bang to Birth of Stars, let’s map the rest of the galaxy, the Evolution of Atomic Mass from Star Birth to Star Death. Then, as an overview, we will have seen it all. 

  Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory by Paul Hollister, M.D. Copyright 2004

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Copyright © 2004 Origin and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory by Paul Hollister, M.D.